Stock status, environmental factors and reproduction efficiency of the anchovy sprat population (Clupeonella Engrauliformis Borodin) in modern conditions

Until the end of the XX century, anchovy sprat was the leading object of marine fishing in the Caspian Sea. At the beginning of the XXI century, there was a mass death of this species, as well as an outbreak of the number of mnemiopsis comb - a powerful consumer of feed zooplankton. There was a redistribution of keel clusters in the sea. The main part of the fishing stock of keels began to be distributed in the Middle Caspian Sea. The main object of marine fishing has become an ordinary sprat. In recent years (2015-2020), there has been an increase in the number of anchovy sprats. The materials of keel surveys also confirm the annual growth in the number of juvenile sprats. This paper presents the results of recent years of observations, shows the dynamics of the number and biomass of the population, the parent part of the herd, total fertility. The efficiency of spawning and the survival coefficients of the generation in early ontogenesis are shown. Environmental factors that have a direct impact on the formation of the anchovy sprat stock are described.

Children's vision of the covid-19 pandemic: gender-specific views of older preschoolers and younger schoolchildren

Introduction. This article presents the results of the research project "Children's Vision of the COVID-19 pandemic" implemented in 2020. According to many experts, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to negative consequences for the physical (somatic), psychic and psychological and the health of the population. The works of foreign and domestic authors state the facts of a number of negative psychological effects of an emotional, mental and behavioral nature. However, against the background of the available research, a significant gap is found, which concerns the children's version of the perception of the situation of the pandemic and forced isolation, and above all its gender specificity in relation to the stage of early ontogenesis – senior preschool and primary school age.Materials and Methods. To collect the actual data, a projective verbal method of writing a story on the theme "The Tale of the Coronavirus" was used. In total, 138 stories were collected (68 of them were composed by girls and 70 by boys), the content analysis of which was carried out through the open coding procedure. Comparative gender analysis of the texts of the stories was conducted in seven main categories: "characteristics of the coronavirus", "origin of the coronavirus", "current (frustrated) needs", "resources for overcoming difficulties", "emotions", "key events" and "gender of the characters".Results. The data obtained showed the predominantly negative nature of children's views of the coronavirus, pronounced discomfort in most of them caused by frustration of the needs for security, freedom, positive emotions and social contacts, the predominance of a mostly anxious emotional background of the perception of the pandemic situation with a predominance of fear, as well as a special emphasis on such resources for overcoming difficulties as compliance with preventive measures and hygiene rules, medical care and restriction of activity. At the same time, the gender specificity of children's ideas about the COVID-19 pandemic was found, which consists in a more pronounced orientation towards people of their own sex, emphasizing their own role in solving the problem and focusing on active resistance to the threat in boys and focusing on the emotional side of events, emphasizing the role of others and waiting for salvation from outside in girls.Discussion and Conclusions. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the content of ideas about the COVID-19 pandemic and self-isolation of girls and boys of senior preschool and primary school age, along with general trends, has a gender specificity, which reflects the results of differentiated gender socialization prevailing at the stages of early ontogenesis, based on the tradition of gender polarization.

Nivelul de acumulare al unor microelemente în peștii Cyprinidae, Percidae și Esocidae din fl. Nistru

The paper includes the results of the laboratory modelling of accumulation of selenium in early ontogenesis of carp and of investigation of the accumulation of a range of trace elements in the skeletal muscles, gonads, liver, gills and skin in fish of Cyprinidae, Percidae and Esocidae families from the Dniester River.

On the Іssue of Beauty Perception in Onthogenesis

Developmental specifics of beauty sense in ontogenesis are analyzed in the article. It is demonstrated that mature formation of beauty sense and aesthetic activity relates to early adolescence. Ability to individual aspects of aesthetic activity can be noted on earlier stages of ontogenesis (A.V. Zaporozhets, Z.N. Novlianskaja, N.V. Papucha and others). However attitude to beauty is not realized clearly at the moment. Aesthetic activity in the strictly proper sense of the term can be analyzed when image dynamics shifts from encompassing involuntary changes of ideal images to free image management as well as realization of both freedom and contemplation in order to transform it according to “beauty principles”. Aesthetics exists exceptionally in the individual form of development. Therefore mature forms of aesthetic activity (perception or creation of aesthetic products) can be manifested at earlier ontogeny stages, for example, among artistically gifted children. It is demonstrated that behavioral acts of perception of an artistic work, while being visually similar, are phenomena of different psychological nature for different age groups (for example, infants, preschoolers, younger school children, teenagers). Features of fairy-tales and lullabies perception in early ontogenesis are analysed. Perception of fairy-tales in early ontogenesis originally emerges as external, unfolded activity and supposes participation in events which are directly perceived and experienced. Further on this basis similar activity acquires internal nature of assistance, empathy to fairy-tale characters and becomes true in the domain of imagination (A.V. Zaporozhets). Providing help to a fairy-tale character, a child places him/herself into the situation and further operates within its internal logic.

General characteristics of the intensity of elimination in the early ontogenesis of colonial bird species

This paper examines the rate of elimination in the early ontogeny of colonial bird species. The research objects were colonial nesting species - black-necked gull ( Larus ridibundus L.) and black-necked grebe ( Podiceps nigricollis C.L. Brehm), which form monospecific and poly-species colonial settlements. The rate of elimination was determined taking into account the stage of completion of the clutch, as well as the position of the nest in the structure of the colonial settlement: in the biological center or at the periphery of the colony. The nesting life of colonially nesting species was studied according to the generally accepted method, taking into account the choice of a place for building a nest by birds, the morphology of the nest, the intensity of oviposition and other characteristics. In the course of many years of research 3 types of nest placement within the colony have been identified. The maximum elimination rate has been proven for fixing the nest on the floodplain of common reed. The minimum rate of elimination was found for black-headed gull nests built on the fold of common reed ( Phragmites australis ) and narrow-leaved cattail ( Typha angustifolia ). Near-nesting vegetation is located around the nests of black-necked gull and black-necked grebe. The variant of placing vegetation around the nest prevails. Less common are options in which vegetation is located on one side. Observations have not revealed a relationship between the rate of elimination and the nature of the distribution of vegetation around the nest. The authors have compared the rate of elimination of black-headed gull nests located in the biological center and at the periphery of the colony. Elimination is possible both during the laying of the first egg and after the end of the clutch. Observations have shown that the rate of elimination is higher for nests from the periphery of the colony, which may be associated with differences in the size of the nests, the rate of their construction, as well as with the behavior of birds incubating eggs. The maximum rate of elimination of nests and eggs at the periphery of the colony is also manifested in the early ontogenesis of the black-necked grebe. The intensity of elimination and the forms of its manifestation affect the structure of the colonial settlement of birds and characterize the level of individual and group adaptation of birds to the conditions in which the nesting period takes place.

THE ROLE OF THYROID HORMONES IN THE FORMATION OF SPATIAL MEMORY OF RATS IN EARLY ONTOGENESIS

Changes in behavioral and mnestic activity, as well as their neurochemical support in thyroid dysfunction were determined in juvenile Wistar rats. Behavioral activity was studied in an elevated cruciform labyrinth, the study of spatial memory was performed by the development of protective avoidance reaction in the Morris water labyrinth, and by the production of food reactions in the 8-beam labyrinth. The content of free amino acids of the neurotransmitter spectrum and serotonin was determined by thin layer chromatography followed by spectrophotometry. It was found that thyroid dysfunction in early ontogenesis was accompanied by significant impairments of emotional and cognitive activity depending on the thyroid status of rats; differences in the mechanisms of the formation of spatial memory with negative and positive reinforcement were also found. At the same time, the anxiolytic type of behavior and formation of spatial memory in juvenile animals with experimental hyperthyroidism are possibly provided by an increase in GABA content in the neocortex by 40% and a decrease in serotonin level in the hippocampus by 32%. Experimental hypothyroidism caused an anxiogenic effect and cognitive impairment, which were accompanied by an excessive increase by 51% in the neocortical serotonin content.

Anti-Aggregation Function of Blood Vessels in Piglets of Dairy and Plant Nutrition

Modern pig farming is a significant sector of modern agriculture in many countries. The attractiveness of its products is associated with their excellent taste and economic affordability. The intensive development of pig breeding considers the latest achievements in the field of pig biology during their early ontogenesis. Optimal functioning of hemostasis in growing piglets relies on platelet activity. Its low severity during the phase of milk and vegetable nutrition provides them with the optimal functional state of primary hemostasis, the success of microcirculation in the internal organs, and sufficient activity of all functional and biochemical processes. In the blood of healthy piglets during the phase of dairy and plant nutrition, a decrease in the number of peroxidation products was noted due to an increase in the level of antioxidant protection of their plasma. This minimized their platelet and vascular wall alteration and provided optimal platelet-vascular interactions. This study shows that the gradual increase in the platelet aggregation that develops in piglets at this age is functionally balanced by the increase in the disaggregation properties of blood vessels and creates conditions for optimal blood flow in small-caliber vessels. Keywords: piglets, phase of dairy and plant nutrition, platelets, aggregation, disaggregation, early ontogenesis

Эмбриональное и раннее личиночное развитие бурого терпуга Hexagrammos octogrammus (Scorpeniformes: Hexagrammidae) северной части Охотского моря

The roe of Hexagrammos octogrammus from of the Northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk was incubated in an experiment. A detailed description of the morphology of the species development, from fertilization of eggs to the fry transition to external nutrition, accompanied by microphotographs of eggs and larvae fry in vivo, is given. It was established that the fertilized eggs of H. octogrammus from the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk are 1.75 mm in diameter with fluctuations of 1.61-1.98 mm. Hatching of embryos occurs after 33.5 days of incubation at an average temperature of 11.5°C. Hatched yolk fry is 7.78 mm (7.15-8.06 mm) of TL (Total length) and 7.39 mm (6.83-7.68 mm) of SL (Standard length). Upon reaching TL of 8.74 mm (8.14-9.26 mm) and SL of 8.21 mm (7.63-8.86 mm), the fry switch to external feeding. The regional features of the masked greenling pigmentation in early ontogenesis are revealed.

The influence of fluctuating SST by satellite data in the Barents and Norwegian seas during periods of early ontogenesis NEA cod in 1998-2016 on its strength.

<p><strong>The influence of fluctuating SST by satellite data in the Barents and Norwegian seas during periods of early ontogenesis NEA cod in 1998-2016 on its strength.</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>G.P. Vanyushin and T.V. Bulatova</p><p> </p><p>Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), Moscow, Russia</p><p>e-mail: [email protected]</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Abstract</p><p>The paper presents preliminary results of the analysis of the influence of fluctuating seasonal sea surface temperature in the Barents and Norwegian seas during early ontogenesis of the Northeast Atlantic (NEA) cod in the period 1998-2016 on its future strength of generations at age 3+ accordingly in 2001-2019. The temperature data for control zones of these seas (May-October) to 1998-2016 were obtained from the analysis of daily infrared information by the NOAA series of satellites and quasisynchronous temperature data "in situ" from ships, buoys and coastal stations. Data about the strength of NEA cod generations at age 3+ to 2001-2019 was taken from ICES reports. Real comparative analysis was conducted for following three-zones: 1 - Murman-Novaya Zemlya zone (69-76N 30-54E), 2 – North Cape zone (71-76N 17-30E), 3 – West-Spitsbergen zone (69-76N 11-17E). Direct comparative analysis of these indicators revealed very low relationship between them, so R(less) 0,1 for every zone and the whole period. That is why we tried to use the data about distribution of monthly solar activity during solar cycles 23-24 in considering years. The border between these solar cycles is 2008-2009. New comparative analysis of the same indicators separated by cycle 23 (1998-2008 solar activity) and by cycle 24 (2009-2016 solar activity) revealed rather opposite results. In first case (cycle 23) R was received for zone 1 +0,72, zone 2 +0,62 and for zone 3 +0,50, but for cycle 24 R was accordingly equal for zone 1 -0,60, zone 2 -0,66 zone 3 -0,38. So, the influence of seasonal temperature conditions in the Barents and Norwegian seas during 1998-2016 on the strength of new NEA cod generations at age 3+ to 2001-2019 changed its sign on border between 23 and 24 cycles of solar activity for considering years. Perhaps, obtained dependence between these indicators is fairly only for this period of time. For all that ought to note intensification of different character influence of solar activity these cycles towards east.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: satellite monitoring, sea surface temperature (SST), the North-East Atlantic (NEA) cod generations, solar activity, comparative analysis.</p>