INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Author(s):  
Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot

During 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued twenty-one judgements in contentious cases, seven interpretations of previous judgements, nineteen orders on provisional measures, and one advisory opinion. The Court developed case law on several topics such as forced disappearance, crimes against humanity, violence against women, political rights, the right to work, and the right to health and, for the first time, established a state’s responsibility for violation of the principle of progressivity. We should also emphasize the new inter-American standards in relation to the mechanism of asylum and its recognition as a human right, to pardons, and to the obligation of enhanced due diligence and special protection in investigations and criminal proceedings based on sexual violence against children and adolescents, as well as state responsibility for acts of sexual torture by a non-state agent.

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wąsek-Wiaderek

<p>The purpose of this study is to present and evaluate the main changes to the appeal proceedings model introduced in the last few years to the Polish criminal proceedings in order to accelerate it and, thereby, satisfy the requirements of Article 6 (1) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The article presents arguments supporting the thesis whereby these have weakened the right of the defendant to appeal against the judgement. Under the currently applicable regulations, it is permissible that an appellate court may impose a penalty for the first time which cannot be subject to an effective appellate review. Such a solution may raise doubts as to its compliance with Article 14 (5) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The article also formulates a thesis whereby the newly introduced measure – a complaint against the cassatory judgement of the appellate court – contrary to preliminary fears, has not in fact “blown up” the system of appeal measures in the Polish criminal proceedings. At the same time, despite the relatively small scope of its use, it may contribute to strengthening the appeal – as opposed to the revisory – model of appellate proceedings and thus accelerating the criminal proceedings. This thesis is based on the research of all complaints brought to the Supreme Court in 2016–2019.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Altuğ YENGİNAR

The right to work has been recognized as a fundamental human right in almost all international human rights documents and in the constitutions of many countries. This right has been recognized and guaranteed as a fundamental human right also in the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey. However, not only recognizing and guaranteeing "work" as a fundamental human right but also regulating its implementation and functioning within the framework of laws is of great importance. The concept of overwork is a concept that has been mentioned in the Labor Law regarding the implementation and functioning of the concept of work and it is regulated in our Labor Law No. 4857. In order to talk about overwork, a limited working time is required. In this context, upon determining the maximum number of hours a worker can work per week by drawing a limit on working hours in Labor Law No. 4857, overwork, which is the subject of work exceeding this period, is defined. Furthermore, the types of overwork that arise depending on the reasons for overworking, as well as the jobs that cannot be overworked, are regulated in the same Law.


Author(s):  
Amita Verma ◽  
Amit Verma

With the growth and development in technology, one of the most significant changes has been the commercialisation of Internet. There has been a revolution in Internet technology with the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights recognizing “Right to Internet” as a human right. There are countries like Antigua and Barbuda, Angola, Armenia, Colombia, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Panama, Poland, Peru, South Africa, Turkey, Trinidad and Tobago, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom, which already have legislations promoting the cause of Internet to every citizen. This chapter aims to study the implementation and utility of the right to Internet being recognized as a fundamental right and the principles behind it. It also intends to study the method of implementation of this right keeping in mind the situation prevalent in China, which restricts Internet usage. The chapter would also make suggestion with regards to the remedies available to the people in the cases of the countries not recognizing the right.


Author(s):  
Frans Viljoen

The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights is the newest of the three regional human rights courts. This brief analysis provides an overview of the most salient aspects of the Court’s 2018 case-law with respect to jurisdiction, provisional measures, admissibility, merits decisions, and reparations orders. Continuing its trajectory of increasing productivity, the Court in 2018 handed down the highest number of merits decisions in its brief history. As in previous years, most of these were fair-trial-related cases against Tanzania. The Court’s 2018 case-law contains a number of firsts. In Gombert v. Côte d’Ivoire, the Court for the first time ruled as inadmissible a case previously settled by an African subregional court, the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States. In Anudo v. Tanzania, dealing with the right to nationality, the Court for the first time found a violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, on the basis that the Declaration has attained the status of customary international law. In Makungu v. Tanzania, it for the first time ordered the applicant’s release as an appropriate remedy for serious fair trial violations. The Court’s most significant decision of 2018 is the Mali Marriage case, in which it held aspects of the 2011 Malian Family Code to be in violation not only of human rights treaties emanating from the African Union, but also the UN Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women.


Author(s):  
Carmen Almagro Martín

ResumenSin duda alguna, en épocas de crisis como la que vivimos desde hace años, que se ha mostrado especialmente intensa en España, el Derecho al trabajo es uno de los que resultan más perjudicados. Se trata de un Derecho fundamental del ser humano y, como tal, aparece recogido en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, formando parte de ese “ideal común” que todos los pueblos y naciones deben esforzarse en conseguir. En España, el desempleo ha alcanzado niveles tan elevados que se ha convertido en la principal preocupación de los españoles (prácticamente en todas las familias hay al menos un miembro en “paro”). La situación es desoladora, habiéndose llegado a rozar los 6 millones de trabajadores en situación de desempleo, resultando evidente que el país debe continuar la reforma en el ámbito laboral poniendo en práctica políticas activas que permitan la reducción de esta cifra y la normalización del mercado de trabajo. Sin embargo, no menos importante será la adopción de medidas para la protección de los millones de desempleados, que viéndose privados de trabajo, principal fuente de ingresos para la mayoría de ellos, carecen de los recursos necesarios para hacer frente a sus necesidades básicas y las de sus familias.AbstractWithout any doubt, in times of crisis, as the one we have been currently living for years, the right to work has been particularly affected. It is a Fundamental Human Right, as it is expressed in the Universal Declarationof Human Rights, shaping this “common ideal” towards which all the people and nations must try to achieve. In Spain, unemployment has reached such levels that it has become the main subject of preoccupation among Spaniards (in almost all families, there is at least one unemployed individual). The situation is devastating, as almost 6 million of people are unemployed, urging the country to carry on its labour reforms, implementing active policies that enable to reduce this number and to normalize the labour market. It will be also important to adopt some measures to protect millions of unemployed individuals who, having no job, (as the main source of income for them), are lacking the necessary means to cope with the basic needs of themselves and their families. ResumoSem dúvida, em tempos de crise como a que temos vivenciado há anos, e que tem demostrado ser particularmente intensa na Espanha, o direito ao trabalho tem sido particularmente prejudicado. Trata-se de um direito humano fundamental e como tal, aparece na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, formando parte desse “ideal comum” que todos os povos e nações devem buscar realizar. Na Espanha, o desemprego atingiu níveis tão elevados que se tornou a principal preocupação dos Espanhóis (praticamente todos em todas as famílias lares têm pelo menos um membrosem emprego). A situação é sombria, tendo em vista que há quase 6 milhões de desempregados, exigindo que o país prossiga com suas reformas trabalhistas, implementando políticas públicas ativas que permitam reduzir essa cifra e normalizar o mercado do trabalho. Torna-se importante adotar medidas que protejam os milhões de desempregados que, sem emprego– principal fonte de ingressos para a maioria deles –, carecem dos recursos necessários às suas necessidades básicas e de suas famílias.


2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lappin

AbstractThe right to vote is the most important political right in international human rights law. Framed within the broader right of political participation, it is the only right in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights not guaranteed as a universal human right but rather as a citizen's right. While limitations on the right to vote are permissible in respect of citizenship and age, residency-based restrictions are not explicitly provided. However, recent judgments of the European Court of Human Rights endorse a view that voting rights may be conditioned on residency on the grounds of an individual's bond to their country-of-origin and the extent to which laws passed by that government would affect them. This article questions this proposition and explores whether disenfranchisement based solely on residency constitutes an unreasonable and discriminatory restriction to the essence of the right.


Author(s):  
Yolanda Carmela Vaccaro Alexander

Los ciudadanos latinoamericanos que residen en España disfrutan de un marco legal diferenciado respecto de lo que atañe a los residentes procedentes de otras zonas en el marco de los lazos históricos y culturales que unen España y Latinoamérica reflejados en la legislación española. España mantiene suscritos convenios de Doble Nacionalidad con la mayor parte de países latinoamericanos. Y, desde 2009, ha suscrito tratados de reciprocidad en materia de sufragio en elecciones locales con diferentes países, la mayor parte de ellos latinoamericanos, tratados que permitieron que en las elecciones locales celebradas en España el 22 de mayo de 2011 los latinoamericanos concernidos pudieran ejercer el derecho al voto activo en España por primera vez sin necesidad de haberse acogido a los mencionados convenios de Doble Nacionalidad. La encuesta «Ciudadanía inmigrante», analizada en este artículo y realizada para la tesis doctoral «Derechos civiles y políticos de los residentes latinoamericanos en España. El derecho de sufragio», de la doctoranda autora de este artículo, da pautas sobre la percepción de los latinoamericanos residentes en España en torno a los derechos civiles y políticos y sobre su comportamiento respecto de los citados comicios de 2011.Latin American citizens residing in Spain enjoy a distinct legal framework compared to other foreign residents. That difference is based on the historical and cultural relations between Spain and Latin America. Spain has agreements on dual nationality with most Latin American countries. Starting in 2009 Spain has signed several reciprocity agreements about the right to vote in local elections with several countries, most of them in Latin America. On May 22, 2011 many Latin American citizens residing in Spain could exercise their right to vote in the Spanish local elections for the first time without having dual citizenship. The «Immigrant Citizenship» survey, analyzed in this article and developed for the doctoral thesis «Civil and Political Rights of Latin American Residents in Spain. The right to vote», provides guidance on the perception of Latin American living in Spain about civil and political rights and their behavior with respect to said elections.


Author(s):  
Raymond Wacks

Privacy is acknowledged as an essential human right, recognized by a number of international declarations, among which the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are the most significant. Interpreting these provisions, the European Court of Human Rights provides important guidance in respect of the attempt to balance privacy against competing rights and interests, and this is briefly discussed. Leading decisions of the courts of various jurisdictions illustrate the problems of definition and the attempt to balance privacy against other competing rights. Cases before the US Supreme Court have generated an enormous, divisive debate concerning, in particular, the subject of abortion, which the Court has conceived to be an element of the right to privacy. A discussion of the celebrated US Supreme Court judgement in Roe v Wade is fundamental to an analysis of the meaning and limits of individual privacy.


2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Amita Verma ◽  
Amit Verma

With the growth and development in technology, one of the most significant changes has been the commercialisation of Internet. There has been a revolution in Internet technology with the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights recognizing “Right to Internet” as a human right. There are countries like Antigua and Barbuda, Angola, Armenia, Colombia, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Panama, Poland, Peru, South Africa, Turkey, Trinidad and Tobago, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom, which already have legislations promoting the cause of Internet to every citizen. This chapter aims to study the implementation and utility of the right to Internet being recognized as a fundamental right and the principles behind it. It also intends to study the method of implementation of this right keeping in mind the situation prevalent in China, which restricts Internet usage. The chapter would also make suggestion with regards to the remedies available to the people in the cases of the countries not recognizing the right.


Author(s):  
Clooney Amal ◽  
Webb Philippa

This book brings together the diverse sources of international law that define the right to a fair trial in the context of criminal proceedings. It aims to make the law accessible to counsel and meaningful to victims in courtrooms all over the world. By focusing on what the right to a fair trial means in practice, it seeks to bring to life the commitment made by over 170 states parties to the ICCPR. The book is subdivided into 14 substantive chapters each dealing with one component of the right to a fair trial. Each chapter collates and analyses international sources, highlighting both consensus and division in the international jurisprudence. The book aims to be the global reference for the most frequently litigated human right in the world.


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