Spiritual Rearmament

2021 ◽  
pp. 212-237
Author(s):  
James D. Strasburg
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
American Politics ◽  
Spiritual Leadership ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Third Way ◽  
American Military ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

This chapter documents evangelical Protestant efforts to “spiritually rearm” Germany and Europe in an era of Cold War militarization. These spiritual efforts complemented a vast increase in American military capabilities during the early 1950s, as well as West Germany’s entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The evangelical pursuit of Europe’s “spiritual rearmament” signaled the rising prominence of Protestant evangelicals in American politics and diplomacy. Vying for spiritual leadership of their nation, Protestant evangelicals prepared to spread across the globe a gospel of faith, freedom, and free enterprise. In response to Cold War rearmament campaigns, a growing number of American ecumenists began to adopt Europe’s “third way” theology.

An Institutionalist Reinterpretation of Cold War Alliance Systems: Insights for Alliance Theory

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Rafferty
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Alliance Theory ◽  
Strategic Context

This article formulates a model of alliance persistence and evolution to account for two aspects of behaviour that are largely neglected by traditional alliance theory. It argues that states that encounter common threats to military and nonmilitary interests (like political and economic stability) are likely to institutionalize their military pacts. This process raises material and normative obstacles to exiting the alliance, even as the performance of the alliance falters or the strategic context undergoes fundamental changes. The article tests several of the model's hypotheses by engaging in a comparative analysis of two Cold War alliance systems: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Giegerich
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The North ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Out Of Area

NATO, founded as a collective defence alliance, has spent most of the post-cold-war period transforming itself into a security management organization. Its ability to adapt has been the basis of NATO’s continued relevance. At the same time, NATO’s adjustments in functional and geographic scope have triggered debate about its strategic direction and the political and military requirements necessary to fulfil current and future roles. This chapter will assess NATO’s evolution by concentrating on the bargaining processes among member states that shaped the direction of NATO’s strategic guidelines and its out-of-area operational activities. The objective is to trace the extent to which a common strategic outlook has emerged among the European members of NATO.

scholarly journals Spory w relacjach transatlantyckich

2018 ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Liliana Ziemborska
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Transatlantic Relations ◽  
Security Community ◽  
The North ◽  
Transatlantic Security ◽  
Xxist Century ◽  
The North Atlantic

The Transatlantic Security Community, the mainstay of which is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, has passed through a crisis repeatedly. At the beginning of the XXIst century the actions of the American Administration and a sceptical attitude of the Europeans towards the American war against terrorism caused an open conflict between the allies from across the ocean. However, the tensions between military and political concepts of NATO have been increasing from the 1960’s. In the article entitled Disputes in transatlantic relations the most significant crises are raised, including the time of cold war, the 1990’s and the beginning of the XXIst century, when it came to a breach of Alliance which expressed the variable international conditions.

NATO's persistence after the cold war

1996 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. McCalla
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
International Security ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Alliance Formation ◽  
The North ◽  
Security Institution ◽  
Organizational Theories ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Cold War

Neorealist theories help explain alliance formation and longevity but have trouble explaining why the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) continues to exist after the cold war. Organizational theories further our understanding by noting that organizations have strong survival instincts, yet NATO survives only as long as its members wish it to. To understand NATO's persistence after the cold war, we must turn to international institutionalist theories to explain why, contrary to neorealist expectations, NATO remains the key international security institution for its members. International institutionalist theories add the conception of NATO as part of a broad multilevel and multi-issue relationship among member states, and this broader context is necessary to explain NATO's persistence.

Cold War I, Post-Cold War, and Cold War II: The Overarching Contexts for Peacekeeping, Human Rights, and NATO

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Michael Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The North Atlantic

Peacekeeping, human rights, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have flourished in complementary contrast with each other. Their relationship has reflected the constraints and opportunities provided by three geopolitical eras since World War II. The first (the first Cold War) began in about 1948 and lasted until 1988; the second (the Post-Cold War Liberal Primacy) ran from 1989 to around 2012; finally, since 2012 the world has been threatened with the emergence of a second Cold War.

scholarly journals Trading Global Catastrophes: NATO’s Science Diplomacy and Nuclear Winter

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200942199391
Author(s):  
Simone Turchetti
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
The North ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Science Diplomacy ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Nuclear Winter ◽  
Scientific Debates ◽  
Public Criticism

This essay explores the reception of ‘nuclear winter’ at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This response is paradigmatic of how scientific predictions can work as stimuli for science diplomacy activities, and either inflate or deflate these forecasts’ public resonance. Those who elaborated the theory in the early 1980s predicted that the environmental consequences of a future nuclear conflict would have been catastrophic; possibly rendering the earth uninhabitable and leading to the extinction of humankind. This prospect was particularly problematic for the Western defence alliance, since it was difficult to reconcile with the tenets of its nuclear posture, especially after the 1979 Dual Track decision, engendering concerns about the environmental catastrophe that the scientists predicted. Thus, NATO officials refrained from commenting on nuclear winter and its implications for the alliance’s deterrence doctrine for some time in an effort to minimize public criticism. Meanwhile, they progressively removed research on nuclear winter from the set of studies and scientific debates sponsored by NATO in the context of its science initiatives. In essence, NATO officials ‘traded’ the promotion of these problematic studies with that of others more amenable to the alliance’s diplomacy ambitions.

Soviet Atomic Blackmail and the North Atlantic Alliance

1957 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Speier
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Future War ◽  
The Cold War

The uncertainty about whether atomic weapons will be used in future war, whether local or general, lends itself to political exploitation in the cold war. The efficiency of nuclear weapons in wartime, and their resulting threat-value in either war- or peacetime, constitute their political-military worth. In peacetime, the threat-value of weapons can be exploited in many ways: by an ultimatum, by authoritative or inspired statements on capabilities or intentions, by studied disclosures of new weapons at ceremonial occasions, by means of maneuvers, redeployments of forces, or by so-called demonstrations.

Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance

1963 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Bowie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Nuclear Control ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Military

The debate over strategy, forces, and nuclear control, which now divides the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), is framed largely in military terms: what is the best way to protect the NATO area and its members from aggression? The military aspects are complex in themselves, but the import of these issues extends far beyond defense. Their handling will greatly affect prospects for a partnership between the United States and a strong, united Europe

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