Indian Labour and the Geographies of the Great War

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-42
Author(s):  
Radhika Singha
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
World Order ◽  
International Order ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Global War ◽  
The Great War

This chapter assesses the key role of the non-combatant or follower ranks in the history of sub-imperial drives exerted across the land and sea frontiers of India. The reliance of the War Office upon combatant and non-combatant detachments from the Indian Army, used in combination with units of the British Army, left an imprint upon the first consolidated Indian Army Act of 1911. From 1914 the inter-regional contests of the Government of India for territory and influence, such as those running along the Arabian frontiers of the Ottoman empire, folded into global war. Nevertheless the despatch of an Indian Expeditionary Force to Europe in August 1914 disrupted raced imaginaries of the world order. The second less publicized exercise was the sending of Indian Labor Corps and of humble horse and mule drivers to France in 1917-18. The colour bar imposed by the Dominions on Indian settlers had begun to complicate the utilisation of Indian labor and Indian troops on behalf of empire. Over 1919-21, as global conflict segued back into imperial militarism, a strong critique emerged in India against the unilateral deployment of Indian troops and military labor, on fiscal grounds, in protest against their use to suppress political life in India and to condemn the international order which their use sustained.

Historical Foundations, Strategic Visions, and World Order

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Bolt ◽  
Sharyl N. Cross
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
International Order ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 1 explores perspectives on world order, including power relationships and the rules that shape state behavior and perceptions of legitimacy. After outlining a brief history of the relationship between Russia and China that ranged from cooperation to military clashes, the chapter details Chinese and Russian perspectives on the contemporary international order as shaped by their histories and current political situation. Chinese and Russian views largely coincide on security issues, the desirability of a more multipolar order, and institutions that would enhance their standing in the world. While the Chinese–Russian partnership has accelerated considerably, particularly since the crisis in Ukraine in 2014, there are still some areas of competition that limit the extent of the relationship.

scholarly journals The Control of The Kadi and The Muhtesib on The Urban Guilds in The Ottoman Empire

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-247
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hefni
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Craft Guilds ◽  
The Relationship

Success of the Ottoman empire as one of the greatest, most extensive, and longest-lasting empires in the history of the world could not be released from the efforts of the government to organize the state throught establishment various institutions. Among them are judicials instititution such as kadi courts and Hisbah institutions which was led by a muhtesib. Therefore, this paper discusses the relationship and the interaction between the kadi and the muhtesib in the Ottoman empire, and their historical roots in the periods before. The position of a kadi and a muhesib has existed in periods before the Ottoman empire. A kadi has existed since the Prophet Muhammad pbuh period. While, a muhtesib historically has began in the Greco-Roman agoranomos. In the Ottoman empire, both became important governmental functions. They had the power to pronounce decisions on everything connected with the sharî'a and the Sultanic law. They played roles in controlling urban life, its economic activities in particular. All the production and manufacturing activities in the cities that were carried out within the framework of the guild organization was under the control of the kadi and the muhtesib. For example a craft guilds and a creditor guilds.  

AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN RESEARCHERS OF THE 19TH – 20TH CENTURIES. THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY AND ARCHIVES OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Akhmed K. Chapanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Ottoman History ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Turkish People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes the role of Austrian and Hungarian researchers of the 19th – 20th centuries in studying the history of the Ottoman Empire. It is noted that the earliest publications of the Ottoman documents were made in the first half of the 19th century. The orientalists J. von Hammer-Purgstall, A. Geway and A. Vambery made a significant contribution to the search for and use of archival documents during this period. In the first half of the 20th century, the Turkish scientists, with the active assistance of several European Orientalists, such as I. Karachon, P. Wittek and L.Fekete, began to reveal the contents of some Ottoman archives and systematize the documents. As a result of the activities of these researchers, a new stage was set in the study of the Ottoman history, diplomacy, and paleography, as well as in the development of archives administration in Turkey. The author concludes that the publication of the Ottoman documents, which contain valuable information about the socio-economic and political life of all the peoples of the Empire, contributed to the further scientific interest and analysis of the Ottoman documents. The studies conducted by the AustroHungarian scientists revealed that the archives of Turkey contain a large number of valuable materials that are important for studies in the history of the Turkish people and the peoples of the Arab countries, the Balkans, Iran, the Caucasus and all the countries that were under the Ottoman rule.

Russia’s China Policy: Growing Asymmetries and Hedging Options

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-550
Author(s):  
Igor Denisov ◽  
Alexander Lukin
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
China Policy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Economic Partnership

Abstract This article examines the state and prospects of Russia’s policy toward China. We look at recent trends in the evolution of the world order, the history of Moscow-Beijing relations, and the changes in the balance of power between Russia and China to offer a forecast of Russia’s China policy in the near term. Special attention is paid to the role of the 2001 Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation. The authors conclude that, despite the Treaty’s significance, the international situation – and indeed the relative strengths of the two countries – have significantly changed over the past 20 years. The new conditions will inevitably compel Russia to adjust its policy toward China. Moscow, as always, will seek to develop its political and economic partnership with Beijing. However, it will likely move toward hedging against risks that excessive dependence on China could bring about.

Collective Victimhood as a Form of Adaptation

2020 ◽  
pp. 120-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Bilewicz ◽  
James Liu
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Response ◽  
World Order ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Government ◽  
Collective Victimhood ◽  
Global World ◽  
Representative Samples

This chapter posits that responses to collective victimization that are maladaptive at the intergroup level may be adaptive at the intragroup level. Specifically, the endorsement of conspiracy theories could be seen as an adaptive response in societies that were historically frequently victimized and at the receiving end of actual conspiracies. In such contexts, hypervigilance and mistrust may prevent future victimization. To test this role of history and macro influences more generally on collective victimhood and endorsement of conspiracy theories, the authors use data from nationally representative samples in countries that are at the center or periphery of the global world order (United Kingdom and Spain, Ukraine and Poland, respectively). In peripheral countries with a history of collective victimization, perceived collective victimhood was associated with endorsement of conspiracy theories and mistrust of the government. These relationships were not significant in central countries with a history of imperialism and domination.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF NON STATE ACTOR IN ELIMINATING ISLAMIC RADICALISM : ISOMIL OF NAHDLATUL ULAMA INDONESIA 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Imron Rosyadi Hamid
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Nonstate Actor ◽  
State Actor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nahdlatul Ulama ◽  
The Government ◽  
International Summit

AbstractThe role of non state actor (NSA) in international relations should be connected with the twotheories of IR: liberalism and constructivism. In both, the theories not only have strong faithin cooperation among states but also their main theoritical proposition and instrument havesame unit of analysis : human being. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) of Indonesia, the largest islamicorganization in the world with more than 50 million members, should be considered as a nonstate actor (NSA) that can play its role in countering the most recent serious threat of theworld : terrorism and islamic radicalism. The International Summit of Moderat IslamicLeaders (ISOMIL) held by Nahdlatul Ulama on May 2016 in Jakarta which attended by 300moslem leaders from more than 30 countries is interesting to be discussed in terms of itsposition as one of the influential organization in the islamic world. This paper will discussthe brief history of Nahdlatul Ulama of Indonesia, its role in eliminating islamic radicalismin Indonesia and spreading moderate islam to the world through ISOMIL. This paper is notintended to idealize the role of non state actor in comparing with the government or stateactor itself, rather, to show the importance of contribution of non state actor in eliminatingislamic radicalism throught people to people in international cooperation.Keywords : Non State Actor (NSA), Nahdlatul Ulama, ISOMIL, Islamic RadicalismAbstraksiPeran aktor non negara (NSA) dalam hubungan internasional harus dikaitkan dengan duateori IR: liberalisme dan konstruktivisme. Kedua teori tersebut tidak hanya memilikikepercayaan kuat terhadap kerja sama antar negara, tetapi juga proposisi dan instrumenteoritis utama mereka memiliki unit analisis yang sama: manusia. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)Indonesia, organisasi islam terbesar di dunia dengan jumlah anggota lebih dari 50 juta,harus dianggap sebagai aktor non-negara (NSA) yang dapat memainkan perannya dalammelawan ancaman serius dunia terakhir: terorisme dan radikalisme islam. KTTInternasional Pemimpin Islam Moderat (ISOMIL) yang diselenggarakan oleh NahdlatulUlama pada bulan Mei 2016 di Jakarta yang dihadiri oleh 300 pemimpin umat Islam darilebih 30 negara sangat menarik untuk didiskusikan dalam hal posisinya sebagai salah satuorganisasi yang berpengaruh di dunia islam. Makalah ini akan membahas sejarah singkatNahdlatul Ulama Indonesia, perannya dalam melenyapkan radikalisme islam di Indonesiadan menyebarkan Islam moderat ke seluruh dunia melalui ISOMIL. Makalah ini tidakdimaksudkan untuk mengidealkan peran aktor non negara dalam membandingkan denganpemerintah atau aktor negara itu sendiri, melainkan, untuk menunjukkan pentingnyakontribusi aktor non-negara dalam menghapus radikalisme Islam kepada orang-orang dalamkerjasama internasional.Kata kunci: Aktor Non Negara (NSA), Nahdlatul Ulama, ISOMIL, Radikalisme Islam

1. Introducing Global Politics

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-25
Author(s):  
Stephanie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
World Order ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Economic

This introductory chapter provides an overview of global politics, starting with an account of the global political sphere as a specialized area of study—more conventionally known as the discipline of International Relations (IR)—and including an explanation of the distinction between the ‘global’ and the ‘international’. It also addresses the extent to which the world is ‘globalized’, even as some pundits herald a halt to globalization and a return to the closed politics of nationalism. The chapter then explores the history of globalization, which provides an essential backdrop to the understanding of the phenomenon in the present, and the challenges to it. This includes attention to the interweaving of globalization’s political, economic, social, and cultural dimensions and some of the implications for the current state-based world order. Finally, the chapter considers the role of theory and method, including concerns raised by the notion of a ‘post-truth’ world.

The problem of periodization of the history of religion

1997 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Borys Lobovyk
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Religious Development ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Religion

An important problem of religious studies, the history of religion as a branch of knowledge is the periodization process of the development of religious phenomenon. It is precisely here, as in focus, that the question of the essence and meaning of the religious development of the human being of the world, the origin of beliefs and cult, the reasons for the changes in them, the place and role of religion in the social and spiritual process, etc., are converging.

On retroeconomy

2017 ◽  
pp. 148-159
Author(s):  
V. Papava
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
International Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

This paper analyzes the problem of technological backwardness of economy. In many mostly developing countries their economies use obsolete technologies. This can create the illusion that this or that business is prosperous. At the level of international competition, however, it is obvious that these types of firms do not have any chance for success. Retroeconomics as a theory of technological backwardness and its detrimental effect upon a country’s economy is considered in the paper. The role of the government is very important for overcoming the effects of retroeconomy. The phenomenon of retroeconomy is already quite deep-rooted throughout the world and it is essential to consolidate the attention of economists and politicians on this threat.

Moment's Monument

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Art World ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Modern Sculpture ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
Modern Experience ◽  
Artistic Heritage

Medardo Rosso (1858–1928) is one of the most original and influential figures in the history of modern art, and this book is the first historically substantiated critical account of his life and work. An innovative sculptor, photographer, and draftsman, Rosso was vital in paving the way for the transition from the academic forms of sculpture that persisted in the nineteenth century to the development of new and experimental forms in the twentieth century. His antimonumental, antiheroic work reflected alienation in the modern experience yet showed deep feeling for interactions between self and other. Rosso's art was transnational: he refused allegiance to a single culture or artistic heritage and declared himself both a citizen of the world and a maker of art without national limits. This book develops a narrative that is an alternative to the dominant Franco-centered perspective on the origin of modern sculpture in which Rodin plays the role of lone heroic innovator. Offering an original way to comprehend Rosso, the book negotiates the competing cultural imperatives of nationalism and internationalism that shaped the European art world at the fin de siècle.

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