Introduction

Use Of Space ◽

High Level ◽

Current Concerns ◽

War and Peace in Outer Space examines the legal, policy, and ethical issues animating current concerns regarding the growing weaponization of outer space and the potential for a space-based conflict in the very near future. A collection of diverse voices rather than the product of a single scholarly mind, it builds upon a conference that was held in Philadelphia in April 2018, hosted by the Center for Ethics and the Rule of Law, at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, and designed by co-editor Cassandra Steer. The conference was an exceptionally high-level invitation-only roundtable for the duration of two days, attended by approximately thirty experts on space warfare from Canada, Europe, and the United States. In addition to calling attention to likely current and future threats to national and global security stemming from the use and misuse of the space environment, attendees suggested measures for ameliorating the risk of conflict in space, including international negotiation, transparency, and reporting on the use of space-based assets, and the establishment of clear rules, backed up by sanction regimes, against hostile actions that threaten the peaceful use of space by all nations.

Influences of New England Law on the Middle Colonies

Law and History Review ◽

10.2307/743851 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 238-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

George L. Haskins

Keyword(s):

New England ◽

The United States ◽

Law School ◽

Mother Country ◽

The World ◽

Middle Colonies ◽

History Of ◽

The Law ◽

On October 3, 1881, William Henry Rawle, the distinguished Philadelphia lawyer and scholar, addressed students at the University of Pennsylvania Law School hoping to illustrate, ‘in a very general and elementary way,’ the differences between the growth of English and early Pennsylvania jurisprudence. ‘It would have been more interesting and more broadly useful,’ Rawle apologized to his audience, ‘if the attempt could have been extended to embrace the other colonies which afterwards became the United States, for there would have been not only the contrast between the mother country and her colonies, but the contrast between the colonies themselves.’ Rawle was confident that such an examination would have revealed how ‘in some cases, one colony followed or imitated another in its alteration of the law which each had brought over, and how, in others, the law was changed in one colony to suit its needs, all unconscious of similar changes in another.’ ‘Unhappily,’ Rawle explained, ‘this must be the History of the Future for the materials have as yet been sparingly given to the world.’

Neuroethics and Animals: Report and Recommendations From the University of Pennsylvania Animal Research Neuroethics Workshop

ILAR Journal ◽

10.1093/ilar/ilab024 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Adam J Shriver ◽

Tyler M John

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

The United States ◽

Animal Research ◽

Early Years ◽

Ethical Implications ◽

Neuroscience Research ◽

Nonhuman Animals ◽

Abstract Growing awareness of the ethical implications of neuroscience in the early years of the 21st century led to the emergence of the new academic field of “neuroethics,” which studies the ethical implications of developments in the neurosciences. However, despite the acceleration and evolution of neuroscience research on nonhuman animals, the unique ethical issues connected with neuroscience research involving nonhuman animals remain underdiscussed. This is a significant oversight given the central place of animal models in neuroscience. To respond to these concerns, the Center for Neuroscience and Society and the Center for the Interaction of Animals and Society at the University of Pennsylvania hosted a workshop on the “Neuroethics of Animal Research” in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At the workshop, expert speakers and attendees discussed ethical issues arising from neuroscience research involving nonhuman animals, including the use of animal models in the study of pain and psychiatric conditions, animal brain-machine interfaces, animal–animal chimeras, cerebral organoids, and the relevance of neuroscience to debates about personhood. This paper highlights important emerging ethical issues based on the discussions at the workshop. This paper includes recommendations for research in the United States from the authors based on the discussions at the workshop, loosely following the format of the 2 Gray Matters reports on neuroethics published by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.

Constitutional Law in 1956–1957

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1953019 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 140-191

Author(s):

David Fellman

Keyword(s):

Supreme Court ◽

Presidential Election ◽

Constitutional Law ◽

United States Supreme Court ◽

The United States ◽

Law School ◽

Court Of Appeals ◽

State Supreme Court ◽

Two changes in the personnel of the United States Supreme Court occurred during the 1956 Term. Justice Sherman Minton, appointed by President Truman in 1949, retired on October 15, 1956, at the age of sixty-five, for reasons of health. Prior to his appointment to the Court, Justice Minton had served as U. S. Senator from Indiana and had spent eight years on the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. To take his place President Eisenhower gave a recess appointment to William Joseph Brennan, Jr., who took the oath of office on October 16, at the age of fifty. A native of Newark and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and of the Harvard Law School, he had served by appointment in 1949 on the New Jersey Superior Court, was advanced to the Appellate Division in 1950, and was appointed to the state Supreme Court in 1952. Justice Brennan was a Democrat, a Catholic, (the first since Justice Frank Murphy, who died in 1949), and the son of an Irish immigrant; and his appointment was announced just three weeks before the presidential election of 1956.

Research Centers in Saudi Arabia “the present and hopeful realities and merits": A theoretical study

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] ◽

10.24200/jass.vol8iss3pp81-90 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Hind Al-Maizar

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

The United States ◽

Arab Countries ◽

Research Centers ◽

Western Countries ◽

Gulf Countries ◽

The 1960S ◽

High Level ◽

During the 1960s, the Arab countries began to establish specialized research centers such as the National Center for Social and Criminal Research in Egypt. And according to the latest report from the University of Pennsylvania in 2015, the number of research centers in Arab countries varied and showed a kind of disparity in numbers. Although Saudi Arabia possesses the financial, physical, economic, political, and societal components that help to create large numbers of research centers at a high level, it ranks 15th among Arab countries and has only four research centers. This raises the question about: What are the present realities and future hopes of research centers in Saudi Arabia? So, this current study focuses on: the number of research centers in Western countries in comparison to Arab countries, the reality of research centers in Saudi Arabia, and the obstacles facing the establishment of research centers in the country and in the Gulf countries. It also provides a set of proposals that may lead to an increase in the number of research centers in Saudi Arabia, the issues to be studied by such research centers, and the future vision for decision-makers. The results of the study show the small number of research centers in Saudi Arabia in particular and the Gulf countries in general compared to foreign countries. They also show that the United States of America obtained the first rank among other Western countries and Egypt ranked first among Arab countries.

Pediatric Surgery: The Long Road to Recognition

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.92.4.618 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 618-621

Author(s):

C. Everett Koop

Keyword(s):

General Surgery ◽

Pediatric Surgery ◽

Internship And Residency ◽

The United States ◽

Surgery Training ◽

Difficult Time ◽

Adult World ◽

The University ◽

General Surgery Training

Before 1946, when I completed my training in general surgery, I knew very little about the field that eventually became known as pediatric surgery. I knew that children did not get a fair shake in surgery; that was amply proved during my internship and residency. Surgical patients came from the adult world, and children had a difficult time competing with them. Surgeons in general were frightened of children, and they distrusted the ability of anesthetists to wake children up after putting them to sleep, a position not far from that of many anesthetists. The younger and smaller the patient, the more significant the hazard. I knew, also, that in the United States and in Europe, where some surgery of children was more successfully carried out, it fell usually into one of the specialties, especially orthopedics. In those days there was a need for such specialization in the treatment of diseases that are no longer problems: tuberculosis of the bone, osteomyelitis, and polio. I wish I could say that my knowledge of the sad state of child surgery as I saw it in Philadelphia made me determined to bring about changes for the better. Actually, during the last year of my general surgery training at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, I was invited to become surgeon in chief of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Pediatric surgery was thrust upon me. Nevertheless, I was excited about the chance to make surgery safer for children, and I entered my career with that goal.

The Politics of Culture in Cold War America

Prospects ◽

10.1017/s0361233300006153 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. 451-454 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas J. Sugrue

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Communist Party ◽

Racial Inequality ◽

The United States ◽

Early Years ◽

Literary Figure ◽

National Security State ◽

The Cold War ◽

In march, 1994, the University of Pennsylvania held a conference to celebrate the opening of the Howard Fast papers at the university's library. To commemorate Fast's remarkable sixty-year career, a group of historians and literary critics gathered to reconsider the intellectual and cultural milieu of the United States in the early years of the Cold War. During the eventful years, from 1945 to 1960, Fast emerged as a leading Communist activist and a major literary figure who achieved great popular success. Fast, an unabashed member of the Communist Party, like many other oppositional writers of the era, clashed with the national security state. He faced harassment, blacklisting, and marginalization for his refusal to cooperate with federal authorities who were committed to silencing cultural and political voices from the Left. Like other stalwarts of the Communist Party, Fast was often doctrinaire. As a reporter for the Daily Worker and an occasional partisan polemicist, Fast was often stiflingly orthodox. But Fast's Communism was a distinctively American variant, mediated by New York's Jewish radicalism, deeply concerned with the American dilemma of racial inequality.

DEFECTIVE STEROIDAL BIOGENESIS IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.21.4.661 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 661-672

Author(s):

Alfred M. Bongiovanni ◽

Walter R. Eberlein

Keyword(s):

Research Work ◽

Assistant Professor ◽

The United States ◽

Rockefeller Institute ◽

Children's Hospital ◽

Research Division ◽

Children’S Hospital ◽

Dr. Alfred M. Bongiovanni is a young man who started research work as an investigator at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, even before he received his B.S. degree from Villanova College in 1940. While at Villanova, Dr. Bongiovanni received the Kolmer Medal for Excellence in Science. In 1943 he received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, following which he immediately served a 2-year tour of duty in the United States Navy. After discharge from the Navy, he filled residencies at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from 1947 to 1949. During the years 1949 and 1950, Dr. Bongiovanni served as Assistant Physician at the Rockefeller Institute in New York and in 1950-51 returned to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia as Assistant Director of Clinics. In 1951 he was appointed the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis Fellow to the Research Division of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. New opportunities and promotions quickly followed with an appointment as Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins in 1952; Senior Research Associate in the Pediatric Endocrine Division and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania in 1954; and in 1955 Associate Professor of Pediatrics at the same university. Dr. Bongiovanni is a Diplomate of the American Board of Pediatrics and a member of the Editorial Board of the American Journal of Medical Sciences and of numerous professional societies. In 1956 Dr. Bongiovanni received the Ciba Award. Dr. Bongiovanni has been author of about 50 articles, the great majority of which are on endocrinology and at least 23 of them with Dr. Eberlein, who is the co-recipient with Dr. Bongiovanni of this Award, as a co-author.

The World before (and Shortly after) Wharton

Nothing Succeeds Like Failure ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501742071.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 14-52

Author(s):

Steven Conn

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Business Schools ◽

Educational Leaders ◽

The United States ◽

American Business ◽

Wharton School ◽

The Social ◽

University Degree ◽

This chapter examines why educational leaders and businessmen in the United States thought it was a good idea to establish business schools in the first place. The answer often offered at the time was that American business itself had grown so big and complex by the turn of the twentieth century that a new university-level education was now required for the new world of managerial work. However, the more powerful rationale was that businessmen wanted the social status and cultural cachet that came with a university degree. The chapter then looks at the Wharton School of Finance and Economy at the University of Pennsylvania, which was founded in 1881 and became the first business school in the United States. All of the more than six hundred business schools founded in the nearly century and a half since descend from Wharton.