A Metropolitan History of the Dutch Empire

This book analyses popular imperial culture in the Netherlands around the turn of the twentieth century. Despite the prominent role that the Dutch empire played in many (sometimes unexpected) aspects of civil society, and its significance in mobilising citizens to participate in causes both directly and indirectly related to the overseas colonies, most people seem to have remained indifferent towards imperial affairs. How, then, barring a few jingoist outbursts during the Aceh and Boer Wars, could the empire be simultaneously present and absent in metropolitan life? Drawing upon the works of scholars from fields as diverse as postcolonial studies and Habsburg imperialism, A Metropolitan History of the Dutch Empire argues that indifference was not an anomaly in the face of an all-permeating imperial culture, but rather the logical consequence of an imperial ideology that treated ‘the metropole’ and ‘the colony’ as entirely separate entities. The various groups and individuals who advocated for imperial or anti-imperial causes – such as missionaries, former colonials, Indonesian students, and boy scouts – had little unmediated contact with one another, and maintained their own distinctive modes of expression. They were all, however, part of what this book terms a ‘fragmented empire’, connected by a Dutch imperial ideology that was common to all of them, and whose central tenet – namely, that the colonies had no bearing on the mother country – they never questioned. What we should not do, the author concludes, is assume that the metropolitan invisibility of colonial culture rendered it powerless.

Troska o człowieka i ojczyznę – drogowskazy Kardynała Augusta Hlonda z lat 1945–1948

Concern about the People and the Mother Country: The Beacons of Cardinal August Hlond from 1945–1948 The life and the activity of Primate Cardinal August Hlond (1881–1948) continuously inspires the search, analysis, and discovery of the meaning of his teachings and his mission within the Church and the society. The return of Cardinal August Hlond to Poland on July 20th1945 was expected to strengthen the nation’s spirit and religious belief in the new post-war reality. His concern about the revival of the mother country and about building state governance on the basis of moral principles and human rights can be seen in all his undertakings. He offered education and care to families and young people. The Christian upbringing of young people, the growth of Catholic youth organizations, the presence of Christian values in school curricula and in secular organizations involved in education –these were the matters he supported and fostered. He was focused on the development of various forms of spiritual life. He responded to the then current problems of religious and community life. As he pursued various measures to these ends, despite the difficulties he encountered, he believed in a mature society of well-educated citizens. Therefore, it seems reasonable to interpret the thoughts of Cardinal Hlond regarding the human being –within the period from 1945 to 1948 –as a person open to transcendence, to infinity (personal subjectivity and their spiritual life), to a person within a family (a family as a community of individuals) and within the society (the national community).

The Struggle for Imperial Preferential Trade, 1887-1917, with Particular Reference to New Zealand

<p>The years 1887-1917 were years of continuous efforts to reconcile seeming irreconcilables in the economic sphere of relations between Great Britain and those of her self-governing colonies who were rapidly attaining to nationhood: Canada, the Australian and South African colonies, and New Zealand. Simply stated the problem on the one side was how the Mother Country could satisfy the demands of these colonies for some preference to their exports, when to do so would involve her in a fiscal revolution. She stood firmly, with almost religious fervour by the tenets of free trade, and to advocate any radical change would be a policy of political suicide for any party which adopted it as its platform. At the time she was the leader of the world's commerce, a fact that she attributed to the very free trade policy which the colonies would overthrow. From the colonial point of view, the problem was to meet what appeared to them, a growing threat to their own exports by those foreign powers, mainly Germany and America, who through a policy of protection were keeping British products out of their own markets, and who through subsidies and differential rates were able to undersell the colonies on the Home market. These same foreign powers, in spite of colonial protective tariffs, were able to compete with the small local industries, and in many cases could undersell the the produce of the Mother Country in the colonies. The answer which the colonies seized eagerly upon and fought so long and strenuously for, was an imperial preferential trade. Immediately, however, they were faced with the fact that the portion of the Empire most concerned, namely Britain, refused to change her fiscal system for a policy which she considered unnecessary and inimical to her own interests.</p>

The Struggle for Imperial Preferential Trade, 1887-1917, with Particular Reference to New Zealand

<p>The years 1887-1917 were years of continuous efforts to reconcile seeming irreconcilables in the economic sphere of relations between Great Britain and those of her self-governing colonies who were rapidly attaining to nationhood: Canada, the Australian and South African colonies, and New Zealand. Simply stated the problem on the one side was how the Mother Country could satisfy the demands of these colonies for some preference to their exports, when to do so would involve her in a fiscal revolution. She stood firmly, with almost religious fervour by the tenets of free trade, and to advocate any radical change would be a policy of political suicide for any party which adopted it as its platform. At the time she was the leader of the world's commerce, a fact that she attributed to the very free trade policy which the colonies would overthrow. From the colonial point of view, the problem was to meet what appeared to them, a growing threat to their own exports by those foreign powers, mainly Germany and America, who through a policy of protection were keeping British products out of their own markets, and who through subsidies and differential rates were able to undersell the colonies on the Home market. These same foreign powers, in spite of colonial protective tariffs, were able to compete with the small local industries, and in many cases could undersell the the produce of the Mother Country in the colonies. The answer which the colonies seized eagerly upon and fought so long and strenuously for, was an imperial preferential trade. Immediately, however, they were faced with the fact that the portion of the Empire most concerned, namely Britain, refused to change her fiscal system for a policy which she considered unnecessary and inimical to her own interests.</p>

World War I and its aftermath: Reaching for the past and across the Atlantic

This article focuses on the British West Indies beginning with the involvement of African Caribbean soldiers in the Great War. It challenges the enduring myth of the First World War as a predominantly white European conflict. The main part focuses on C. L. R. James, the Trinidadian historian and playwright, following his paradigmatic trajectory from the colony to the ‘mother country’ and his involvement in the protracted transnational process of decolonization after the First Word War. It concentrates on one of his political pamphlets and on his play Toussaint Louverture. The work of the British writer and left-wing political activist Nancy Cunard is also presented as another ‘outsider’ text which can further an ongoing methodological project: the re-integration and cross-fertilization of received knowledge about the war with seemingly outlying knowledge, unorthodox political commitment and challenging aesthetics to produce a richer understanding of this formative period across the Atlantic divide.

Problems and Countermeasures of Indian Women Entrepreneurs’ Entrepreneurship Development

Women are generally called home makers. They care family and children in good care. They were less participated in the economy. In this topic women entrepreneurship has been ill treated both the society and family. Entrepreneurship is the core of economic development. Women is the key factor of entrepreneurship. In present time women are the emerging economic force. Social and economic development of women is necessary for the development of our mother country. Due to the changing environment women entrepreneur increasing the service sector. The purpose of this study was to find out the problem focused on women entrepreneurship. It will also suggest the practical problem and possible solutions to the women entrepreneurship.

The Migration Policy of Iran And Turkey from Past to Present and Migration Governance in the Context of Migrants

The phenomenon of migration has been one of the important factors affecting and shaping the lives of countries and societies throughout history. In this respect, the evolution of immigration in its historical process has become a policy that is more carefully followed by countries today. So much so that the phenomenon of immigration has ceased to be based simply on economy around the world and has become a threat to the security of countries with the change of migration trends. In every period of its history, Iran and Turkey have been a country of immigration for various reasons. Migration management and humanitarian fields are discussed in the article. In recent years, the issue of migration has been increasingly on the international agenda and is now seen as a very important issue for all governments; In terms of Iran, immigration management has become an issue that needs to be dealt with comprehensively and systematically in recent years for immigrants from countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan, and for Turkey, those coming from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq. As a result of the intensification of migration movements in the world, the two countries have become more sensitive to the issue of migration in order to improve their migration management and make the necessary arrangements. In this study, migration management, migration governance, migration and development, regulation of migration, social integration approaches and models of immigrants are examined under two separate headings. The relationship between the mother country Iran and Turkey, immigration and identity policies in this area will be read and the consequences of this process on the immigration policies of these countries and its impact on countries will be examined and analyzed.

The Imperial Debate

This chapter covers the imperial debate between the colonists and Great Britain between the early 1760s and 1776. The debate began with the differing ideas of representation held by the colonists and the mother country. But eventually it came to focus on the doctrine of sovereignty that said that in every state there must be one final supreme lawmaking authority. The colonists’ inability to deal with the doctrine of sovereignty forced them to create a new conception of the British Empire in which they were outside of Parliament’s authority and tied only to the king. The debate climaxed with the Declaration of Independence.

State Constitution-Making

This chapter describes the constitution-making by the thirteen independent republics. Most of them created bicameral legislatures, single executives, and independent judiciaries. They set forth the idea of separation of powers, which forbade members of the legislature or judiciary from simultaneously holding office in the executive, thus setting American constitutional development off in a very direction from that of the former mother country. At the same time, the Americans established written constitutions that were different from and superior to the institutions of government and they worked out devices (constitutional conventions) for creating these constitutions. Several of the constitutions had bills of rights.