Refusing to Kiss the Slipper

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Bruening
Keyword(s):  
Religious Authority ◽  
Reform Strategies ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Traditional Assumption ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

Refusing to Kiss the Slipper re-examines the Reformation in francophone Europe, presenting for the first time the perspective of John Calvin’s evangelical enemies. This book brings together a cast of Calvin’s opponents from various French-speaking territories to show that opposition to Calvinism was stronger and better organized than has ever before been recognized. It examines individual opponents, such as Pierre Caroli, Jerome Bolsec, Sebastian Castellio, Charles Du Moulin, and Jean Morély, but more importantly, it explores the anti-Calvinist networks that developed around such individuals. Each group had its own origins and agenda, but all agreed that Calvin’s claim to absolute religious authority too closely echoed the religious sovereignty of the pope. These oft-neglected opponents refused to offer such obeisance—to kiss the papal slipper—arguing instead for open discussion of controversial doctrines. This book also shows that the challenge posed by these groups shaped the way the Calvinists themselves developed their reform strategies. The book demonstrates that the breadth and strength of the anti-Calvinist networks requires us to abandon the traditional assumption that Huguenots and other francophone Protestants were universally Calvinist.

If Looks Could Kill

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
Karen Chan
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Daily Rhythm ◽  
Significant Rate ◽  
Chinese Canadian ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

For me, rhythm means having consistency. The piece highlights my own experience with the disruption of my daily rhythm due to COVID-19. The first half shows my routine and interactions prior to COVID-19 while the second half shows my experiences in the present day. Prior to the virus, I had a day to day routine that was filled with noise. Everyday moved quickly and I established a daily rhythm. However, when COVID-19 spread, it changed everything. I felt like I didn’t have a routine anymore because I wasn’t allowed to go anywhere. Time was moving much slower and worst of all, xenophobia was growing at a significant rate. As a Chinese Canadian, this was the first time I truly felt the weight of the color of my skin. COVID-19 changed the way that I consistently assumed that the color of my skin wasn’t something that strangers would significantly care about. However, as I got on a bus, I unintentionally scared a woman simply because of my skin color. From that point, I knew that xenophobia would affect the way people perceived me everyday. The woman was scared of the virus— which in turn was scared of me—and I was scared that she would thwart her anger towards me because I am Chinese. If looks could kill, then the woman and I ironically both feared each other. Now, due to COVID-19, I am adapting to a new routine. A routine where the color of skin rings louder than any other sound.

COMMENTS ON SOME OBSCURE OR AMBIGUOUS POINTS OF THE TREATISE DE COMPUTIS ET SCRIPTURIS BY LUCA PACIOLI*

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Hernández-Esteve
Keyword(s):  
Luca Pacioli ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
The Way

Recently, the author translated Luca Pacioli's treatise De Computis et Scripturis into Spanish. During the translation, the author faced a series of points contained in the text which are not clear and which present some difficulties of interpretation. This paper shows the main points that are confusing, what constitutes their difficulty, the interpretations given by different specialists and, finally, the interpretation given by the author himself with the reasons he had to adopt it. In this way, it is to attempt to clarify the question, to offer a basis for judgement to those who are interested in this subject and, above all, to submit the position and interpretations adopted by the author to open discussion. Among the various doubtful and obscure points, the following ones are considered in this paper: the contradictions and ambiguities observed by some authors in regard to the treatment of the balance and closing of accounts; the discrepancies shown in several passages of the Treatise which give ground to the hypothesis that this Treatise is actually the result of the juxtaposition of two or more different texts, written at different moments and for different purposes; the particularities of two payment methods of the purchases which Pacioli distinguishes expressly (by ditta and by scritta di banco); some ambiguities regarding the way to keep the accounts with banks and official bodies; various instructions concerning the location of the accounts in the Ledger, the situation of the date, and so on, which seem paradoxical and contradictory; and other ambiguities.

scholarly journals The notion of ‘employer’: Towards a uniform European concept?

2021 ◽  
pp. 203195252199115
Author(s):  
Matthijs van Schadewijk
Keyword(s):  
Functional Approach ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Member States ◽  
Corporate Groups ◽  
European Legislation ◽  
Contractual Approach ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Eu ◽  
The Way

The growth in multilateral working relationships (e.g. agency work, chains of sub-contracting and corporate groups) is causing Member States to increasingly scrutinise their traditional, contractual approach to the notion of ‘employer’. So far, little attention has been paid to the boundaries and limits that EU law sets when defining the employer. The lack of attention may have come to an end with the recent AFMB judgment, in which the Court ruled, for the first time, that the concept of employer in a provision of EU law had to be given an autonomous and uniform interpretation throughout the EU. Starting from the AFMB judgment, the author analyses the concept of employer in EU law. The author finds that the concept of employer in EU law can be described as ‘uniform in its functionality’: in EU law, the national concept of the employer is never absolute, but the circumstances and the way in which the national concept must be set aside depend on the context and the objective of the European legislation in question. Through this functional approach, EU law partly harmonises the various national approaches to the concept of the employer. Nevertheless, a lack of specific reasoning on the part of the Court may grant the Member States considerable leeway to uphold their own views on the concept.

scholarly journals Direct observation of a coil-to-helix contraction triggered by vinculin binding to talin

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (21) ◽  
pp. eaaz4707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Tapia-Rojo ◽  
Alvaro Alonso-Caballero ◽  
Julio M. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Interaction Force ◽  
Magnetic Tweezers ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Negative Feedback Mechanism ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Energy Penalty ◽  
First Time

Vinculin binds unfolded talin domains in focal adhesions, which recruits actin filaments to reinforce the mechanical coupling of this organelle. However, it remains unknown how this interaction is regulated and its impact on the force transmission properties of this mechanotransduction pathway. Here, we use magnetic tweezers to measure the interaction between vinculin head and the talin R3 domain under physiological forces. For the first time, we resolve individual binding events as a short contraction of the unfolded talin polypeptide caused by the reformation of the vinculin-binding site helices, which dictates a biphasic mechanism that regulates this interaction. Force favors vinculin binding by unfolding talin and exposing the vinculin-binding sites; however, the coil-to-helix contraction introduces an energy penalty that increases with force, defining an optimal binding regime. This mechanism implies that the talin-vinculin-actin association could operate as a negative feedback mechanism to stabilize force on focal adhesions.

HERODOTUS BECOMES INTERESTED IN HISTORY

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
David Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
The Real ◽  
Final Draft ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Greek World ◽  
The Way

At 3.60 Herodotus tells us that he has dwelt at length on the Samians because ‘they are responsible for three of the greatest buildings in the Greek world’: the tunnel of Eupalinos, the great temple, and the breakwater that protects their harbour. As successive commentators have pointed out, that is not the real reason for the length of his account. We hear about the tunnel for the first time in this chapter (60.1–3); Maiandrios escapes down a secret channel at 146.2, which may or may not be Eupalinos' tunnel; we hear about the temple of Artemis, not of Hera, at Samos in 48; dedications in the temple of Hera are mentioned in passing at 1.70.3, 3.123.1, 4.88.1, and 4.152.4, but the temple itself cannot be said to play a major part in Herodotus' narrative; naval expeditions sail from Samos (e.g. 44.2, 59.4) but there is no emphasis on the harbour or its breakwater. What Herodotus should have said is ‘I have dwelt at length on Samos, because I am interested in the island's history; and, by the way, they are responsible for three…’; but it is not our job to tell him what he ‘should’ have said. As David Asheri remarks, ‘We can explain it [the length of the Samian logos] most simply by supposing that the logos already existed before the final draft of the book’.

THE FLAGELLATION, MOVEMENT, AND ENCYSTMENT OF SOME PHYCOMYCETOUS ZOOSPORES

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. McKeen
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽  
Concave Side ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Saprolegnia Parasitica ◽  
Anterior Flagellum ◽  
Posterior Flagellum ◽  
Phytophthora Fragariae ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

The anterior flagellum of the zoospores of Phytophthora fragariae, P. megasperma, P. cambivora, Saprolegnia parasitica, Achlya americana, and Pythium aphanidermatum projects straight in front of the zoospore and never moves except during encystment whereas the posterior flagellum is active during the swimming period. In the secondary zoospore the anterior and posterior flagella are attached a short distance apart in the center of the depression on the concave side and respectively pass forward and backward through a groove and form a central axis about which the zoospore rotates. Hyaline vesicles which also have been called beads or paddles form at the base of the flagella at the beginning of encystment and glide part or all the way down the flagella. Movement of flagella after they are released from the zoospore is reported for the first time. Encystment may result from contact stimulus except in the case of Allomyces anomalus. A filament on which vesicles may occur may be secreted or retracted by the Allomyces zoospore.

The History of the Extortion Court at Rome, 123–70 b.c.

1938 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 98-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. V. D. Balsdon
Keyword(s):  
Roman History ◽  
Precise Statement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Age Limits ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

The available evidence concerning the history of the Extortion Court, the quaestio repetundarum, at Rome is tabulated opposite page 114. In view of the bulk of this evidence, it is at first sight surprising that this should be one of the most confused chapters of Roman history. Indeed, it is improbable that all Roman historians would agree upon any more precise statement of certainty than the following: that C. Gracchus, whether by a lex Sempronia iudiciaria, or by a lex Sempronia de repetundis, or by a lex Acilia de repetundis which may, or may not, be reproduced in the lex repetundarum, fragments of which are preserved at Naples and at Vienna (CIL i, 583), established equites (selected either from owners and past owners, within certain age limits, of the equus publicus, or from all those who possessed the equestrian census) either in place of, or in association with, senators as jurors in the quaestio de repetundis; that Q. Servilius Caepio, probably in his consulship in 106 B.C., proposed, and perhaps carried, a judiciary law in the interest of the Senate; that C. Servilius Glaucia either in m (Mommsen), 108 (Carcopino) 104 (Last) or 101 B.C. (Niccolini) carried a lex repetundarum and perhaps other judiciary laws in which he possibly either gave for the first time, or restored, to the equites complete possession of the juries and certainly effected two reforms in procedure, (a) by legalising the prosecution not only of recent magistrates and pro-magistrates, but also of their accomplices and (b) by introducing the form of ‘double action’ known as comperendinatio; that M. Livius Drusus, as tribune in 91 B.C., endeavoured unsuccessfully to establish, or to re-establish, as the case may be, mixed juries of senators and equites, and to make equestrian as well as senatorial jurors liable to prosecution for accepting bribes; that in 89 B.C. by a lex Plautia of the tribune M. Plautius Silvanus mixed juries were established, certainly for trials of maiestas, and perhaps for repetundae too. After this, the way is clearer, Sulla re-established senatorial juries, which survived until 70 B.C., when, by the lex Aurelia, jurors were selected from three panels—from senators, equites and tribuni aerarii.

Political Obedience

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Political Order ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Resistance Theory ◽  
The Way

The Reformation had a profound impact on European thinking about political obedience. This chapter explores the way in which the Reformation “mood” embraced theories of absolute authority, but also led to a questioning of authority. It explores the development of resistance theory and ideas of popular sovereignty, and of toleration, all of which cast significant limits on the authority of secular rulers. Reformation impulses also inspired some to genuinely revolutionary attempts to transform the social and political order, and these revolutionary ideas are explored too. The approach taken is to avoid narrative, and to explore particular moments at which the implication of Reformation ideas becomes apparent.

scholarly journals Cryptocurrencies and Exchange Rates: A Relationship and Causality Analysis

Risks ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Corelli
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The paper analyzes the relationship between the most popular cryptocurrencies and a range of selected fiat currencies, in order to identify any pattern and/or causality between the series. Cryptocurrencies are a hot topic in Finance due to their strict relationship with the Blockchain system they originate from and therefore are normally considered as part of the ongoing, world-wide financial revolution. This innovative study investigates this relationship for the first time by thoroughly investigating the data, their features, and the way they are interconnected. Results show very interesting results in terms of how concentrated the causality effect on some specific cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies is. The outcome is a clear and possibly explainable relationship between cryptocurrencies and Asian markets, while envisioning some kind of Asian effect.

Dr. Bodington

1897 ◽  
Vol 43 (182) ◽  
pp. 675-675
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Common Humanity ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

The following cutting from The Province, published in Victoria, British Columbia, will be of interest to many of the members of our Association:—“The Provincial Secretary's ‘Bill to amend the Lunacy Act’ was introduced to the House (not before it was wanted) on Wednesday last, and read a first time. We trust that provisions have been made to render impossible any recurrence of the sad circumstances attendant upon the care of the insane which we recently had occasion to deplore, and that common humanity will compel members to take the keenest possible interest in every clause of the enactment. Reform has been the order of the day at the Westminster Asylum ever since Dr. Bodington took charge two years ago—another appointment, by the way, upon which it is only just to congratulate the Government. We predicted that Dr. Bodington would prove a success, and we are glad to hear on excellent and altogether unbiassed authority that the asylum may now be considered in every way a credit to the country. Perfect discipline is maintained amongst the patients without any necessity for that ‘restraint’ which formed so barbarous a characteristic of the ancient régime. More satisfactory still is the knowledge that marked improvement has become noticeable amongst cases formerly rated hopeless or incurable.”

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