How Did Awareness, Emotion, and Motivation Shape Behavior Toward COVID-19 in Tunisians?

This study was conducted to assess the psychological distress in the general population of Tunisia during the pandemic of COVID-19 and examines how awareness of the disease, emotional experience, and motivation shaped the behavior toward this outbreak. The study covers 1492 Tunisian participants. Gender effects and age limits were studied in relation with the seriousness of the disease and lockdown impacts. The data were analyzed and interpreted using the chi-square test, ANOVA, path analysis (PA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We found a significant effect of gender and age on the awareness of the pandemic dangerousness, the attitude, and the commitment to respect the preventive measures. Women are significantly more aware and committed than men to respect preventive health measures. The 35–45 age group showed more awareness and dedication than the other age groups, while the 20–35 age group showed the most less promise. PA and CFA results showed how awareness, emotion, and motivation shaped behavior toward COVID-19. This study provides practical and relevant information on behavior change during a pandemic crisis, which can orient communication campaigns and help policymakers.

Age Criteria for Criminal Responsibility

In the Russian legislation, age is a law-conferring fact. The authors analyze key legislative acts and their projects that should provide the legal framework regarding the age limits of the subject of legal relationships, as well as the dependence of the chronological age and the corresponding psychological and social changes that should form the basis for the choice of both maximum and minimum age limits for criminal responsibility. Currently in Russia there is an evident need for special criminological, socio-psychological research connected with defining changes in age-related features of modern adolescents. Their results will provide answers to many urgent questions. For example, how have adolescents changed as a result of generation approach? How have their understanding and attitude to key rules and norms of human coexistence changed? Ultimately, the results of such research will give us a better understanding of age-related features of adolescents that should be taken into account when determining the age for criminal responsibility. One of the factors determining the necessity of conducting complex research is the gaps and, sometimes, direct contradictions in the understanding of age limits of criminal and civil responsibility as well as the legal capacity of minors. Undoubtedly, such limits should be mainly connected with the ability of an adolescent to fully understand the key rules and norms of human coexistence and the limits of lawful behavior. The Russian legislation, however, interprets the grounds for the emergence of legal capacity, their connection with the psychological features of the adolescent. The contents of the term «age» differ in each specific branch of law, which has a general negative impact on the possibility of ensuring the rights and freedoms of the subject of special protection — a person who has not reached the age of 18 years.

Conceptualisations of Youth and Implications for Policy: A Study of Four Cases in Aotearoa/New Zealand

<p>What we claim to know and understand about youth has roots in history and culture, and is informed by disciplines within both the natural and the social sciences. Policy and legislation that concern youth draw on all these understandings in their efforts to manage, develop, control and protect young people. Yet there has not been a serious consideration of the fixing of age limits in either historical or current legislation, which means the potential limiting of young people’s rights as citizens and their exposure to learning experiences has not been challenged. Taking a critical approach to contemporary views of youth, this study examined the conceptualisations of youth that have influenced the development of policies and legislation that concern young people in New Zealand/Aotearoa. It reviewed a range of legislation and policies and found that age limits existed in a broad scope of legislation and were applied in an arbitrary fashion. Four case studies were investigated: three cases concerned legislation that set age limits for young people, and one case study where an age limit has not been applied, that of medical consent. I analysed the submissions to Select Committees and the associated Hansard debates and other related documents for the legislation cases, and the relevant legislation and other documents that were associated with the case of medical consent. This exploration of the development of these policies and the critical explication of the constructions of youth that informed them found that views of youth were contradictory and equivocal, and that the justifications for the age limits in these cases were inconsistent. Evidence for the development of principles that might guide policy or legislation concerning age-setting was not available. Instead, it was found that a predominant view of ‘youth as risk’ overwhelmed any rational, evidence-based assessments of young people at various ages and in a range of policy contexts. The explanation for this view of ‘youth as risk’ is found in Ulrich Beck’s ‘Risk Society’ theorising, although he did not specifically refer to or single out young people. This study therefore builds on his work since I argue that because of their life stage and their position in contemporary western societies, young people are particularly exposed to the risks of the ‘risk society’. The study concludes that given that much of the ‘risk’ associated with young people lies in the social context over which they have little control, youth policy should consider more seriously the impact on young people of policy developments across all sectors. It should also take into account the diversity of young people, not just in such differences as gender, ethnicity and disability, but also in their very different roles and activities in families and communities. A focus on ‘inclusion’ rather than ‘participation’ of young people in society would better encourage consideration of young people in policies across all sectors, and would also help promote more positive views of young people. If it is established that an age limit is necessary, then a youth ministry should examine more closely the impact on young people of an age change and provide a more sophisticated analysis of evidence and principles, as well as the competencies required for the activity under discussion. It should also consider whether the motive for an age limit might be the perceived vulnerability or riskiness of young people when in fact the problem the policy is endeavouring to solve is a wider societal one.</p>

Conceptualisations of Youth and Implications for Policy: A Study of Four Cases in Aotearoa/New Zealand

<p>What we claim to know and understand about youth has roots in history and culture, and is informed by disciplines within both the natural and the social sciences. Policy and legislation that concern youth draw on all these understandings in their efforts to manage, develop, control and protect young people. Yet there has not been a serious consideration of the fixing of age limits in either historical or current legislation, which means the potential limiting of young people’s rights as citizens and their exposure to learning experiences has not been challenged. Taking a critical approach to contemporary views of youth, this study examined the conceptualisations of youth that have influenced the development of policies and legislation that concern young people in New Zealand/Aotearoa. It reviewed a range of legislation and policies and found that age limits existed in a broad scope of legislation and were applied in an arbitrary fashion. Four case studies were investigated: three cases concerned legislation that set age limits for young people, and one case study where an age limit has not been applied, that of medical consent. I analysed the submissions to Select Committees and the associated Hansard debates and other related documents for the legislation cases, and the relevant legislation and other documents that were associated with the case of medical consent. This exploration of the development of these policies and the critical explication of the constructions of youth that informed them found that views of youth were contradictory and equivocal, and that the justifications for the age limits in these cases were inconsistent. Evidence for the development of principles that might guide policy or legislation concerning age-setting was not available. Instead, it was found that a predominant view of ‘youth as risk’ overwhelmed any rational, evidence-based assessments of young people at various ages and in a range of policy contexts. The explanation for this view of ‘youth as risk’ is found in Ulrich Beck’s ‘Risk Society’ theorising, although he did not specifically refer to or single out young people. This study therefore builds on his work since I argue that because of their life stage and their position in contemporary western societies, young people are particularly exposed to the risks of the ‘risk society’. The study concludes that given that much of the ‘risk’ associated with young people lies in the social context over which they have little control, youth policy should consider more seriously the impact on young people of policy developments across all sectors. It should also take into account the diversity of young people, not just in such differences as gender, ethnicity and disability, but also in their very different roles and activities in families and communities. A focus on ‘inclusion’ rather than ‘participation’ of young people in society would better encourage consideration of young people in policies across all sectors, and would also help promote more positive views of young people. If it is established that an age limit is necessary, then a youth ministry should examine more closely the impact on young people of an age change and provide a more sophisticated analysis of evidence and principles, as well as the competencies required for the activity under discussion. It should also consider whether the motive for an age limit might be the perceived vulnerability or riskiness of young people when in fact the problem the policy is endeavouring to solve is a wider societal one.</p>

Dendrochronology in European Russia in the Early 21st Century: State of the Art

In this review, we have focused on the following key points: (1) living trees in European Russia and their climatic sensitivity. Species suitable for tree-ring analyses, their age limits, spatial distribution of temperature- and drought-sensitive trees, and the available tree-ring chronologies. (2) Extension of the living-tree chronologies using archeological and architectural samples. Dendrochronological dating of archeological and cultural monuments. (3) Tree-ring-based climatic reconstructions in European Russia. European Russia drought atlas. (4) Climatic and environmental reconstructions in the Northern Caucasus. (5) Dendroecology. We also briefly summarized the problems and prospects of tree-ring research in European Russia.

Enhanced Water Age Performance Assessment in Distribution Networks

Water age is frequently used as a surrogate for water quality in distribution networks and is often included in modelling and optimisation studies, though there are no reference values or standard performance functions for assessing the network behaviour regarding water age. This paper presents a novel methodology for obtaining enhanced system-specific water age performance assessment functions, tailored for each distribution network. The methodology is based on the establishment of relationships between the chlorine concentration at the sampling nodes and simulated water age. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through application to two water distribution systems in winter and summer seasons. Obtained results show a major improvement in comparison with those obtained by published performance functions, since the water age limits of the performance functions used herein are tailored to the analysed networks. This demonstrates that the development of network-specific water age performance functions is a powerful tool for more robustly and reliably defining water age goals and evaluating the system behaviour under different operating conditions.

Psychological Background of Age Differences in the Adaptation of Ukrainian Winterers to Living Conditions in Antarctica

The relevance of the article stems from the fact that every year for 26 years, the expedition of winterers goes to the Ukrainian Antarctic Station “Vernadsky Research Base” to carry out scientific research. Their effective adaptation to extreme conditions of life provides qualitative psychological diagnostics and psychological recommendations. The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical justification and empirical evidence of the specific features of Ukrainian winterers’ age in the process of adaptation to the Antarctica conditions. To achieve the results of the study, the article uses the method of sociometric measurement J. Moreno, method of distributing topics by rank, questionnaire. The authors of the article analysed scientific works on the research problem, clarified the concept of “adaptation” and “adaptability” and age limits of the groups of winterers, described methodological tools and conducted empirical research on the specific features of the age of winterers groups during the adaptation. The article justifies the distribution and identifies groups of high, medium and low adaptability to life under extreme conditions in Antarctica. The authors analysed both the data from the empirical study and the interviews with the surveyed winterers. The study’s conclusions are: senior winterers have more experience adapting to extreme conditions than younger generations. They can build better interpersonal relationships in a closed community and easily carry distance from home and homesickness. The study revealed that senior persons (especially representatives of the “Generation of winners’ children”) motivate wintering in Antarctica with a desire for self-fulfilment, being worthy representatives of Ukraine on a distant continent, and feeling responsible for discharging their duties. After all, they are governed by more professional and social motivations that help to better adapt to extreme conditions. The practical value of the work is to develop tools for psychological diagnosis and to provide guidance on the selection of winterers among candidates for wintering

An Integrative Literature Review on the Nomenclature and Definition of Dementia at a Young Age

Background: There has been growing interest in young people living with dementia. Future research requires consensus on the terminology and operational definition of this group. Objective: The purpose of this integrative review was to explore and include all operational definitions used to define dementia at a young age. Methods: On August 14, 2020, the PubMed, Embase, Cinahl, and PsycInfo databases were searched for empirical and theoretical literature using Google. Various terms to describe and define ‘dementia’ and ‘at a young age’ were used to collect literature concerning terminology; age-related aspects, including cut-off ages and criteria; and etiologies of dementia at a young age. Results: The search yielded 6,891 empirical and 4,660 theoretical publications, resulting in the inclusion of 89 publications, including 36 publications containing an explicit discussion and 53 publications as confirmation. ‘Young-onset dementia’ was the most commonly used term of seven identified terms, in the last two decades. The age of 65 years at symptom onset was used most frequently when considering a total of six upper age limits and four criteria to define a cut-off age. Eight lower age limits and an option for subdivision based on age were included. We identified 251 different etiologies and 27 categories of etiologies. Conclusion: Despite relative consensus on the term young-onset dementia and an age at symptom onset being used as a cut-off criterion, much is still unclear concerning possible etiologies of dementia at a young age. In the current study, controversies were detected for discussion in an international consensus study.

Are the Growth Standards of the World Health Organization Valid for Spanish Children? The SONEV Study

Background: The use of different growth tables to assess the population's nutritional status has given rise to a series of limitations arising from the lack of consensus and uniform methodological criteria. This leads to a disparity of results that prevent an accurate and reliable diagnosis of whether a child is overweight or obese.Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop growth references for weight, height, and body mass index for Eastern-Spanish children from 6 to 16 years of age.Methods: The final sample used to fit the growth curves was made up of 1,102 observations. The 2007 WHO curves are currently used for Child Health Service Cards. Therefore, to make the comparison of the internal values obtained as realistic as possible, the same construction method has been used for the internal curves, modeling age as a continuous variable and simultaneously adjusting the curves, smoothing them using cubic splines and further smoothing the edge effects by means of data extending above or below the upper and lower age limits.Results: Growth curves for percentiles were constructed for both sexes and higher values were noticeably found to set as growth-standard compared to WHO-standards.Conclusion: Our analysis shows that the WHO 2007 standard references are not suitable for Eastern-Spanish children. The standards shown in this study are much more realistic and current, and we believe that their use will help healthcare professionals more effectively combat the current epidemic of overweight and obesity.

The Problems of The Marriage Age Changing in Indonesia in the Perspectives of Muslim Jurists and Gender Equality

The rules regarding the age limit for marriage as contained in Article 7 of Law no. 1 of 1974, which states that the minimum age of marriage for men is 19 years and for women is 16 years. These rules were amended through law no. 16 of 2019, which stipulates that the age limit for marriage, both for men and women, are in the same age, 19 years old. This change is intended to bring benefits of marriage minimizes the conflict in the household. But in fact, the changing age limit for marriage still creates some problems; for example, not a few Muslims view that in Islam, there are no provisions regarding age limits and there are dispensations for those forced to marry under a predetermined age. This research aims to find out the problematics of the law on changing the age limit for marriage. The research approach used qualitative with descriptive analysis methods and literature review. The results of the study indicate that there are several problems regarding the age limit between First, Islamic law does not stipulate a minimum age for marriage, so that some people do not heed the provision; Second, there are some rules regarding dispensation for those who want to get married at the age of 19 by putting forward to the court. This is an opportunity to violate the regulations; Third, changes to the law that have raised the age limit for marriage, in reality, in society, have not been able to stop the rate of early-age marriage.