Making Good

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-188
Author(s):  
John M. Doris
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Domain Specific

This chapter assesses the “skill analogy” prominent in virtue ethics, which proposes that virtue be understood as a kind of expertise. Using the performance science literature, with special attention to skill development in chess, it is argued that the skill analogy is empirically undersupported, because a surprisingly limited amount is known about the development of skills in general, and “moral skills” in particular. It is further argued, given what is known about the domain specificity of expertise, that if virtues are to be understood along the lines of skills, they will have to be understood as highly domain specific, rather than as the highly general virtues of tradition.

SECOND LANGUAGE EPISTEMOLOGY

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Dekydtspotter
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Language Knowledge

This article presents evidence that supports the claim that second language (L2) grammars arise in a domain-specific, informationally encapsulated module with contents provided by Universal Grammar and enriched by native language knowledge, as entertained by Schwartz (1986, 1987, 1999) contra Bley-Vroman (1990). I consider state-of-the-art evidence representative of a body of research on the poverty of the stimulus (POS) that argues for the domain-specificity of L2 representations, with a main focus on interpretation. Then I examine interpretive evidence relevant to the role of informational encapsulation and compositionality in SLA. I seek to demonstrate that the acquisition of syntax-linked interpretive properties where the POS is severe provides opportunities for a type of fingerprinting of mental organization that can inform a variety of epistemologically relevant questions.

Differential Immunodominance of Human and Porcine Factor VIII in Hemophilia A Mice.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 40-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Healey ◽  
Ernest T. Parker ◽  
Rachel T. Barrow ◽  
Pete Lollar
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
C2 Domains ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Human Factor Viii ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Hemophilia A inhibitor patients and patients with acquired hemophilia A recognize immunodominant epitopes in the A2 and C2 domains of human factor VIII (fVIII). Hemophilia A mice also recognize A2 and C2 domain epitopes when immunized with human fVIII using a dosing schedule that mimics clinical use. We compared the immune responses of hemophilia A mice to human and porcine fVIII using a domain specific ELISA. In this assay, monoclonal antibodies are tested against a panel of six single human fVIII domain hybrid human/porcine fVIII molecules that contain the human A1, A2, ap, A3, C1 or C2 domains. With anti-human antibodies, a positive signal with one of the single human domain proteins identifies domain specificity, whereas loss of signal indicates domain specificity of anti-porcine fVIII antibodies. Exon16 (E16) - disrupted hemophilia A mice (n = 3) received six weekly μ10 g/kg intravenous injections of recombinant B-domain deleted human fVIII and a final 25 μg/kg boost. To obtain comparable inhibitor titers, E16 mice (n = 3) received six weekly injections of μ40 g/kg of recombinant B-domain deleted porcine fVIII. Spleens from high titer mice were fused with NS1 mouse myeloma cells and 485 of the resulting hybridomas were analyzed for fVIII domain specificity (Table). Only two hybridomas secreted antibodies specific for the ap domain. Human fVIII elicited a significantly greater number of antibodies to the A2 domain, whereas porcine fVIII elicited a significantly greater number of antibodies to the A1 and A3 domains (p < 0.01, chi square test). The greater number of anti-C2 antibodies to human fVIII was not significant at the 95% confidence level (p = 0.08). The differential immunodominance of human and porcine fVIII epitopes suggests that it may be possible to design a recombinant hybrid human/porcine fVIII molecule that is less immunogenic than human fVIII in the treatment of patients with hemophilia A. Domain Specificity of Anti-FVIII MAbs Mouse ID: Immunogen No. of MAbs A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 CR & MD CR: Cross Reactive MD: Multidomain 1- Human fVIII 95 2 16 2 7 21 23 & 24 2- Human fVIII 126 13 23 1 2 27 39 & 21 3- Human fVIII 54 1 15 2 1 10 9 & 15 4- Porcine fVIII 123 39 7 19 8 16 33 & 0 5- Porcine fVIII 27 13 5 0 0 4 2 & 3 6- Porcine fVIII 60 9 6 12 1 9 13 & 10

Evaluating the degree of domain specificity of terms in large terminologies

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Martín-Moncunill ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Sicilia-Urban ◽  
Elena García-Barriocanal ◽  
Salvador Sánchez-Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Vocabulary ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Knowledge Organisation ◽  
Depth Analysis

Purpose – Large terminologies usually contain a mix of terms that are either generic or domain specific, which makes the use of the terminology itself a difficult task that may limit the positive effects of these systems. The purpose of this paper is to systematically evaluate the degree of domain specificity of the AGROVOC controlled vocabulary terms as a representative of a large terminology in the agricultural domain and discuss the generic/specific boundaries across its hierarchy. Design/methodology/approach – A user-oriented study with domain-experts in conjunction with quantitative and systematic analysis. First an in-depth analysis of AGROVOC was carried out to make a proper selection of terms for the experiment. Then domain-experts were asked to classify the terms according to their domain specificity. An evaluation was conducted to analyse the domain-experts’ results. Finally, the resulting data set was automatically compared with the terms in SUMO, an upper ontology and MILO, a mid-level ontology; to analyse the coincidences. Findings – Results show the existence of a high number of generic terms. The motivation for several of the unclear cases is also depicted. The automatic evaluation showed that there is not a direct way to assess the specificity degree of a term by using SUMO and MILO ontologies, however, it provided additional validation of the results gathered from the domain-experts. Research limitations/implications – The “domain-analysis” concept has long been discussed and it could be addressed from different perspectives. A resume of these perspectives and an explanation of the approach followed in this experiment is included in the background section. Originality/value – The authors propose an approach to identify the domain specificity of terms in large domain-specific terminologies and a criterion to measure the overall domain specificity of a knowledge organisation system, based on domain-experts analysis. The authors also provide a first insight about using automated measures to determine the degree to which a given term can be considered domain specific. The resulting data set from the domain-experts’ evaluation can be reused as a gold standard for further research about these automatic measures.

Questioning New Directions in Understanding Student Motivation: An Investigation Into the Domain Specificity of Motivational Goals

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha R. Magson ◽  
Gawaian H. Bodkin-Andrews ◽  
Rhonda G. Craven ◽  
Genevieve F. Nelson ◽  
Alexander Seeshing Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Students ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Achievement Outcomes ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Specific Goal

Most past models of student motivation have assumed that student motivation generalises across various achievement situations and curriculum domains; however, research has not fully explored the extent to which motivation may be domain-specific (Green, Martin, & Marsh, 2007; Martin, 2008). The purpose of the present investigation was to explore this issue by comparing and contrasting generalised models of motivation with domain-specific models and how they relate to achievement outcomes in mathematics and English. Secondary students (N = 476) completed both the domain-general (ISM, McInerney, 2003) and the researcher-derived domain-specific motivational measure (DSSM) followed by a standardised achievement test (WRAT-3, Wilkinson, 1993). Overall, the study resulted in mixed findings. There was some indication that there was enough independent variance between the domain-specific goal types to suggest they were tapping distinct constructs as found in previous research (Green et al., 2007). However, the small and often inconsistent correlations with achievement outcomes brings into question the usefulness for educators and the research practicality of pursuing such a division.

On modular approaches to grammar: Evidence from Polish

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Czaplicki
Keyword(s):  
Universal Property ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Core Concept ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
The Core ◽  
Phonetic Information ◽  
Computational Systems ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractModularity of grammar has been explicitly or tacitly assumed in many generative analyses. Modules are separate computational systems that perform specific tasks and make use of domain-specific information. It is argued that the concept is difficult to maintain in the light of evidence from Polish. I look at palatalization effects before vowels and conclude that phonological regularities must have access to morphosyntactic information. In addition, certain regularities in the selection of diminutive allomorphs suggest that morphology must have access to phonetic information. As domain specificity, the core concept of modular approaches, is compromised, modularity does not seem a likely candidate for a universal property of grammar.

Neural Reuse and Recycling

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
John Zerilli
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Original Function ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Neural Reuse ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Development And Evolution

“Neural reuse” refers to the exaptation of established and relatively fixed neural circuits without loss of original function/use. Reuse arises over the course of normal development and evolution. The evidence of this phenomenon speaks most loudly against the idea of strict domain-specificity. It seems that no area of the brain is exempt from redeployment, with areas of the brain traditionally considered to be among the most domain-specific (such as sensory areas) also contributing their computational/structural resources to other domains, including those involving language. The evidence supporting reuse takes many forms, among them evolutionary and developmental considerations, computational considerations, and the neuroimaging and biobehavioral literature.

scholarly journals The face module emerged in a deep convolutional neural network selectively deprived of face experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Xu ◽  
Yiyuan Zhang ◽  
Zonglei Zhen ◽  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Experience ◽  
Face Categorization ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCan we recognize faces with zero experience on faces? This question is critical because it examines the role of experiences in the formation of domain-specific modules in the brain. Investigation with humans and non-human animals on this issue cannot easily dissociate the effect of the visual experience from that of the hardwired domain-specificity. Therefore the present study built a model of selective deprivation of the experience on faces with a representative deep convolutional neural network, AlexNet, by removing all images containing faces from its training stimuli. This model did not show significant deficits in face categorization and discrimination, and face-selective modules automatically emerged. However, the deprivation reduced the domain-specificity of the face module. In sum, our study provides undisputable evidence on the role of nature versus nurture in developing the domain-specific modules that domain-specificity may evolve from non-specific experience without genetic predisposition, and is further fine-tuned by domain-specific experience.

In Defense of a Self-Disciplined, Domain-Specific Social Contract Theory of Business Ethics

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Wempe
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Social Contract Theory ◽  
The Self ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
The Social

Abstract:This article sets out two central theses. Both theses primarily involve a fundamental criticism of current contractarian business ethics (CBE), but if these can be sustained, they also constitute two boundary conditions for any future contractarian theory of business ethics. The first, which I label the self-discipline thesis, claims that current CBE would gain considerably in focus if more attention were paid to the logic of the social contract argument. By this I mean the aims set by the theorist and method of reasoning by which normative conclusions are drawn in the contract model. The second, to which I refer as the domain-specificity thesis, argues that current CBE needs to be better adapted to its field of application and the specific goals which it aims to establish. I will substantiate these two theses on the basis of a comparative analysis of CBE with two earlier families of social contract theories.

hreat simulation, dreams, and domain-specificity

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1004-1004
Author(s):  
Todd K. Shackelford ◽  
Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford
Keyword(s):  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Theoretical Support

According to Revonsuo, dreams are the output of a evolved “threat simulation mechanism.” The author marshals a diverse and comprehensive array of empirical and theoretical support for this hypothesis. We propose that the hypothesized threat simulation mechanism might be more domain-specific in design than the author implies. To illustrate, we discuss the possible sex-differentiated design of the hypothesized threat simulation mechanism.[Revonsuo]

Innateness, universality, and domain-specificity

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg E. A. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Folk Biology

There are problems with Atran's argument for an innate cognitive module for folk biology. He has been too quick to assume innate origins for what might plausibly be learned. Furthermore, in his characterization he includes aspects – essentialist reasoning and inductions from classes – that are not domain-specific. Finally, his characterization compromises his argument that the module is pretheoretical.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document