Semantic Typology and Composition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Pietroski
Keyword(s):  
Basic Type ◽  
Semantic Types ◽  
Semantic Typology ◽  
Foundations Of Arithmetic

How many types of expression meaning are there, and are some types more basic than others? According to a familiar tripartite proposal, languages like English generate (i) denoters of a basic type <e>; (ii) truth-evaluable sentences of a basic type <t>; and (iii) expressions of nonbasic types that are characterized recursively: if <A> and <B> are types, so is <A,B>; where expressions of type <A,B> signify functions, from things of the sort signified with expressions of type <A> to things of the sort signified with expressions of type <B>. On this view, human languages are importantly like the language that Frege invented to study the foundations of arithmetic. In this chapter it is argued that each third of the tripartite proposal is wrong. An alternative is then sketched according to which there are exactly two semantic types, corresponding to monadic and dyadic concepts.

Méthode D'analyse des Connecteurs du Français en Vue D'un Traitement Automatique

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-380
Author(s):  
Renata Kozlowska-Heuchin
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Semantic Type ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Semantic Types ◽  
Semantic Typology ◽  
Semantic Properties

The subject of this article is the analysis of clauses of aim, cause, consequence and condition in French in view to the automatic processing. Our theoretical framework is that of lexicon-grammar. This study differs from the usual grammatical analyses. Here, the complex sentence is studied on the model of the simple sentence, defined as an operator accompanied by its arguments. The conjunctive phrase is our starting point for this study, and it is then shown that the noun around which it is formed, is of predicative type and has the main clause and the subordinate as arguments. This is a predicate «of second order». Automatic processing requires extremely accurate notation of syntactic and semantic properties if ambiguity and polysemy are to be correctly handled. Those descriptions based on syntactico-semantic features are insufficient, which is why the concept of « class of objects » is brought in. There are as many types of relations as there are semantic types of predicate. This is the reason why a semantic typology of predicates is sketched out, integrating lexical, syntactic and semantic components. It is shown that each semantic type can have its own appropriate lexical means of expression and specific syntactic behaviour.

Acquiring the English adjective lexicon: relationships with input properties and adjectival semantic typology

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEKA AKOYUNOGLOU BLACKWELL
Keyword(s):  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Input Frequency ◽  
Semantic Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Semantic Typology ◽  
Class Play ◽  
Semantic Properties

Properties of the input, such as raw frequency and syntactic diversity, have been shown to play a role, to different extents, in the acquisition of nouns and verbs. This study investigated the relationship between three properties of the input (input frequency, syntactic diversity, and variety in noun-type co-occurrence) and age of acquisition of English adjectives. In addition, this study explored the relationship between adjectival semantic typology and order of acquisition. The data are 7262 child utterances and 6318 maternal utterances containing one of 272 adjective in the language samples of two children, Sarah and Adam, from age 2;3 to 5;0 (Brown, 1973) available in CHILDES (MacWhinney, 2000). Statistical analyses revealed that all three properties of the input were significantly correlated with age of acquisition, but variety in noun-type co-occurrence was not a significant predictor once input frequency and syntactic diversity were taken into account. Semantic analyses revealed that the distribution of adjective types and tokens differed between the children and the mothers (to an extent) when the data were examined in terms of adjectival semantic types. The results suggest that both properties of the input and the semantic properties of the English adjective class play a role in its acquisition.

ABOUT THE CREATION OF A NEW SEMANTIC TYPOLOGIES OF ENGLISH SPATIAL ADVERBS

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
И.А. Жилина ◽  
М.Е. Панкратова
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Method ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Classification Approach ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Semantic Types ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Semantic Typology

Постановка задачи. В статье описан механизм создания новой типологии наречного слова на материале английских пространственных наречий. Рассматриваются существующие подходы к классификации английских наречий, анализируются особенности традиционных типологий. Исследование устанавливает тот факт, что классическое деление наречий на типы не учитывает феномен многозначности слова. В связи с этим предлагается новый способ классификации, учитывающий полисемантичность языковых единиц. Создание подобной типологии становится возможным благодаря применению сопоставительно-параметрического метода лингвистических исследований. Результаты. Установлено, что английские пространственные наречия, помимо собственно пространственных значений, развивают также временные, количественные и качественные семемы. Применение сопоставительно-параметрического метода и разрабатываемых в его рамках формализованных параметров, индексов и шкал позволило выявить степень представленности в семантемах наречий сем пространства, времени, количества и качества и на этом основании выделить восемнадцать семантических типов английского наречного слова. Выводы. Исследование показало возможность применения сопоставительно-параметрического метода для разработки такой семантической типологии наречий, которая учитывает многозначность языковых единиц. Доказанная на примере английских пространственных наречий эффективность применения данного метода для изучения семантики слов говорит о возможности изучения с его помощью других частей речи и разработки новых семантических классификаций. Statement of the problem. The article describes the mechanism for creating a new typology of English spatial adverbs. Existing approaches to the classification of English adverbs have been thoroughly examined, their peculiarities have been analyzed. The study proves the fact that the traditional classifications and typologies of adverbs do not take into account the phenomenon of the polysemy of words. In this paper a new classification approach is proposed. This approach takes into account the polysemantics of linguistic units. The creation of such a typology becomes possible through the use of the comparative-parametric method of linguistic research. Results. It is established that apart from spatial meanings English spatial adverbs also develop temporary, quantitative and qualitative semes. The use of the comparative-parametric method and some formalized parameters, indices and scales allowed to identify the degree of space, time, quantity and quality semes representation in the semanthemes of the adverbs under investigation and on this basis to distinguish eighteen semantic types of English adverbs. Conclusion. The study showed the possibility of using the comparative-parametric method to develop such a semantic typology of adverbs that takes into account the polysemy of linguistic units. The effectiveness of the application of this method for studying the semantics of words, suggests the possibility of studying not only adverbs, but also other parts of speech. Moreover, the comparative-parametric method can be used for creation of other new semantic classifications.

Mass transfer in heterogeneous system enzyme-substrate; Approximate analytical model for the case of liquid substrate-immobilized enzyme

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 3013-3018
Author(s):  
František Kaštánek ◽  
Jindřich Zahradník ◽  
Germanico Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Heterogeneous System ◽  
Immobilized Enzyme ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Analytical Form ◽  
Approximate Model ◽  
Basic Type ◽  
Reaction Interface ◽  
Enzyme Substrate ◽  
Flow Intensity

Calculation procedure is suggested for flow intensity of substrate toward reaction interface of immobilized enzyme at simultaneous effect of enzymatic reaction and internal diffusion. The approximate model is presented in an analytical form for the basic type of Michaelis-Menten kinetics and for the case of inhibition in excess of substrate.

“That’s well good”: A Re-emergent Intensifier in Current British English

2020 ◽  
pp. 007542422097914
Author(s):  
Karin Aijmer
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
British English ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
British National Corpus ◽  
Semantic Types ◽  
Over Time ◽  
National Corpus

Well has a long history and is found as an intensifier already in older English. It is argued that diachronically well has developed from its etymological meaning (‘in a good way’) on a cline of adverbialization to an intensifier and to a discourse marker. Well is replaced by other intensifiers in the fourteenth century but emerges in new uses in Present-Day English. The changes in frequency and use of the new intensifier are explored on the basis of a twenty-year time gap between the old British National Corpus (1994) and the new Spoken British National Corpus (2014). The results show that well increases in frequency over time and that it spreads to new semantic types of adjectives and participles, and is found above all in predicative structures with a copula. The emergence of a new well and its increase in frequency are also related to social factors such as the age, gender, and social class of the speakers, and the informal character of the conversation.

scholarly journals The English gerund revisited

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Maekelberghe
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Distributional Preferences ◽  
Temporal Flexibility ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
Distributional Dimension ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Semantic Typology

AbstractThis paper re-examines the semantics of Present-day English gerunds by analyzing their collocational preferences. While traditional approaches suggest that a semantic opposition between ‘actions’ and ‘facts’ determines the meaning as well as the distributional preferences of nominal (the signing of the contract) and verbal (signing the contract) gerunds, these claims have not been supported by quantitative evidence. At the same time, more recent studies which quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the meaning of gerunds from a referential perspective lack a distributional dimension. This study presents a semantic typology of the nouns and verbs that are attracted to nominal and verbal gerunds in noun and verb complementation structures by means of a distinctive collexeme analysis which has been applied to contextual collexemes. The analysis shows that, while nominal and verbal gerunds occur in clearly distinctive contexts, this distinction does not appear to be based on an action-fact dichotomy, but is rather determined by the more abstract features of conceptual (in)dependence and temporal flexibility. Finally, it is shown how these abstract semantic profiles can be filled in more concretely by specific contextual slots, thus arriving at a more fine-grained and dynamic perspective on the semantics of English gerunds.

scholarly journals VII.—The Late Palæozoic Alkaline Igneous Rocks of the West of Scotland

1912 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Thin Section ◽  
Basic Type ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
The West ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Late Palaeozoic

2. Essexite. (a) Carskeoch type.—A small boss of essexite, of rather basic type, pierces the agglomerate of the Carskeoch vent, near Patna, Ayrshire. Macroscopically it is light grey, compact, and fine-grained. In thin section it shows a plexus of fluxionally-arranged plagioclase laths of the composition Ab An, the interstices being filled with subhedral augite of a nearly colourless variety, and fresh olivine. Here and there minute angular interspaces are occupied with turbid isotropic matter, the form and arrangement of the particles of which suggest the former presence of nepheline. A few broad plates of pale augite and crystals of olivine interrupt the general trachytoid fabric. Ilmenite and biotite occur sparsely, and a little orthoclase may be detected on the margins of the plagioclases, extending irregularly into the interspaces. This rock has a distinct individuality, and resembles neither the essexites of Lochend and Craigleith in the Lothians, nor the Crawfordjohn type described below. It is poor in alkali-felspars and felspathoids, is devoid of purple augite, and has a well-developed trachytoid fabric.

C.S. Peirce: Belief, Truth, and Going from the Known to the Unknown

1998 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 9-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wiggins
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
P 16 ◽  
Foundations Of Arithmetic

The third philosophical stratagem for cutting off inquiry consists in maintaining that this, that, or the other element of science is basic, ultimate, independent of aught else and utterly inexplicable- not so much from any defect in our knowing as because there is nothing beneath it to know. The only type of reasoning by which such a conclusion could be reached is retroduction.Now nothing justifies a retroductive inference except its affording an explanation of the facts. It is, however, no explanation at all of a fact to pronounce it inexplicable.That, therefore, is a conclusion which no reasoning can ever justify or excuse. (Peirce, Collected Papers 1.139)Abduction consists in studying facts and devising a theory to explain them. Its only justification is that, if we are ever to understand things at all, it must be in that way. (Peirce, Collected Papers, 5.145)[Scientific procedure] will at times find a high probability established by a single confirmatory instance, while at others it will dismiss a thousand as almost worthless. (Frege, Foundations of Arithmetic (1884), p. 16)

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