Cities-Before-Cities

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198744771.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel W. Berman

Keyword(s):

Crucial Role ◽

The West ◽

Central Greece ◽

Form And Function ◽

South Italy ◽

Crucial Component ◽

And Function ◽

The City

Foundation myths are a crucial component of many Greek cities’ identities. But the mythic tradition also represents many cities and their spaces before they were cities at all. This study examines three of these ‘prefoundational’ narratives: stories of cities-before-cities that prepare, configure, or reconfigure, in a conceptual sense, the mythic ground for foundation. ‘Prefoundational’ myths vary in both form and function. Thebes, before it was Thebes, is represented as a trackless and unfortified backwater. Croton, like many Greek cities in south Italy, credited Heracles with a kind of ‘prefounding’, accomplished on his journey from the West back to central Greece. And the Athenian acropolis was the object of a quarrel between Athena and Poseidon, the results of which gave the city its name and permanently marked its topography. In each case, ‘prefoundational’ myth plays a crucial role in representing ideology, identity, and civic topography.

The City is a Stage: Innovation beyond the Theatre Space

10.26686/wgtn.16998052.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Sarah Courtney

Keyword(s):

Urban Spaces ◽

Public Realm ◽

Adaptive Performance ◽

Live Performance ◽

Central Cities ◽

Theatre Design ◽

Form And Function ◽

Performance Space ◽

And Function ◽

The City

"[The] product of architecture can at least partly be understood as an endless live performance" (Van Berkel & Bos, 2008 , p. 135). As central cities such as Wellington become more event orientated, there is a greater need for a network of innovative performance venues (temporary or permanent) to meet public demand. The existing theatre spaces within Wellington are currently limited in size and the spaces are difficult to adapt to meet the needs of different performances. The thesis investigates this problem. The thesis proposes to develop a network of multifunctional performance spaces outside traditional theatre spaces in areas which are generally used as high activity public spaces and thoroughfares. This will result in not only new opportunities for theatre design and new types of adaptive performance, but, as performance is removed from a traditionally controlled environment, it will create urban spaces that are multi-functional and a better fit for a variety of experiences and uses. Several precedents are analysed with regard to the creation of new boundaries and multiple functionalities in a more contemporary setting. Public realm typologies are also explored for their capacity to be blended in form and function to create hybrid, multi-functional spaces. The resulting design strategy is applied in a series of design experiments to the selected subject site on Wellington’s waterfront. The experiments are then evaluated to aid in the development of an appropriate outdoor theatre network that will enliven the city and encourage performers to create a new style of theatre. The proposed design is developed from and through the research, and will benefit Wellington for many reasons. Firstly, the design will produce greater adaptability and permeability of the performance space in Wellington. Secondly, because theatres in Wellington are currently disengaged from their surrounding context, the proposed building will have a strong indoor/outdoor connection that encourages the use of diverse performance in and around the building. Thirdly, by placing the building in or near circulation paths, it will provide an interactive and engaging space for audiences.

Defining Urban Science

Urban Informatics - The Urban Book Series ◽

10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_3 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 15-28

Author(s):

Michael Batty

Keyword(s):

Spatial Structure ◽

Spatial Interaction ◽

Urban Informatics ◽

Form And Function ◽

Urban Science ◽

Operational Models ◽

And Function ◽

The City ◽

Different Levels

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the theories and models that constitute what has come to be called urban science. Explaining and measuring the spatial structure of the city in terms of its form and function is one of the main goals of this science. It provides links between the way various theories about how the city is formed, in terms of its economy and social structure, and how these theories might be transformed into models that constitute the operational tools of urban informatics. First the idea of the city as a system is introduced, and then various models pertaining to the forces that determine what is located where in the city are presented. How these activities are linked to one another through flows and networks are then introduced. These models relate to formal models of spatial interaction, the distribution of the sizes of different cities, and the qualitative changes that take place as cities grow and evolve to different levels. Scaling is one of the major themes uniting these different elements grounding this science within the emerging field of complexity. We then illustrate how we might translate these ideas into operational models which are at the cutting edge of the new tools that are being developed in urban informatics, and which are elaborated in various chapters dealing with modeling and mobility throughout this book.

The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata

10.1101/2020.05.19.102897 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rebecca M. Varney ◽

Daniel I. Speiser ◽

Carmel McDougall ◽

Bernard M. Degnan ◽

Kevin M. Kocot

Keyword(s):

Iron Transport ◽

West Indian ◽

The Other ◽

The West ◽

Major Clade ◽

Future Studies ◽

Form And Function ◽

Genetic Mechanisms ◽

Molluscan Evolution ◽

And Function

ABSTRACTMolluscs biomineralize structures that vary in composition, form, and function, prompting questions about the genetic mechanisms responsible for their production and the evolution of these mechanisms. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) are a promising system for studies of biomineralization because they build a range of calcified structures including shell plates and spine- or scale-like sclerites. Chitons also harden the calcified teeth of their rasp-like radula with a coat of iron (as magnetite). Here we present the genome of the West Indian fuzzy chiton Acanthopleura granulata, the first from any aculiferan mollusc. The A. granulata genome contains homologs of many biomineralization genes identified previously in conchiferan molluscs. We expected chitons to lack genes previously identified from pathways conchiferans use to make biominerals like calcite and nacre because chitons do not use these materials in their shells. Surprisingly, the A. granulata genome has homologs of many of these genes, suggesting that the ancestral mollusc had a more diverse biomineralization toolkit than expected. The A. granulata genome has features that may be specialized for iron biomineralization, including a higher proportion of genes regulated directly by iron than other molluscs. A. granulata also produces two isoforms of soma-like ferritin: one is regulated by iron and similar in sequence to the soma-like ferritins of other molluscs, and the other is constitutively translated and is not found in other molluscs. The A. granulata genome is a resource for future studies of molluscan evolution and biomineralization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChitons are molluscs that make shell plates, spine- or scale-like sclerites, and iron-coated teeth. Currently, all molluscs with sequenced genomes lie within one major clade (Conchifera). Sequencing the genome of a representative from the other major clade (Aculifera) helps us learn about the origins and evolution of molluscan traits. The genome of the West Indian Fuzzy Chiton, Acanthopleura granulata, reveals chitons have homologs of many genes other molluscs use to make shells, suggesting all molluscs share some shell-making pathways. The genome of A. granulata has more genes that may be regulated directly by iron than other molluscs, and chitons produce a unique isoform of a major iron-transport protein (ferritin), suggesting that chitons have genomic specializations that contribute to their production of iron-coated teeth.

The Architecture of Airport Terminals: Gateway To A City

CREATIVE SPACE ◽

10.15415/cs.2019.71002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

Dakshayini R Patil ◽

Mamatha P Raj

Keyword(s):

Airport Management ◽

Form And Function ◽

The Social ◽

World Class ◽

Operational Activities ◽

Airport Terminals ◽

And Function ◽

The City ◽

Two Sides ◽

Indian Cities

This paper looks at Airport Terminals as icons in a city and the design aspects for the Terminal building which is the interface between ground & air transport. The architecture of Terminal building involves diverse perspectives of analysis and understanding. As glamorous gateways to a city, Airports are representative and first impressions of the city. Hence, form and function of Terminal buildings are both equally prime aspects of planning & design. Cities vie for world class airports- domestic or international, as they are a city’s pride like any other monument or landmark, catering to visitors across cities and nations. Airports are generally planned for a longer life term functioning at least for half a century with intent of good possibility of future expansion. A Terminal has two sides to it; land-side and air-side. While passenger comfort and safety are of utmost importance, on air-side the operational activities of the aircrafts require critical planning and management. They are large establishments involving architecture and technical design detailing at various scales. Apart from the primary objectives of passenger needs, airline operational needs, airport management- safety & security, there is a community objective as well; which involves a facility for citizens; airport building itself being an aesthetic and integral part of the city. Indian cities are witnessing unprecedented growth in air travel and expectations of a good experience at the Airport is deemed prerogative. ‘Green Airports’ are the current theme in India going the social & environmental way of design & conceptualization.

The Revitalisation of Historical Buildings as a Factor Shaping the Development of Sustainable Cities

Proccedings of 10th International Conference "Environmental Engineering" ◽

10.3846/enviro.2017.118 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Krzysztof Rzasa ◽

Marek Ogryzek

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Form And Function ◽

North East ◽

The Social ◽

Military Facilities ◽

Polish Law ◽

And Function ◽

Post Industrial ◽

The City

Many Polish cities have objects in them that have ceased to function in accordance with their intended use, for one reason or another. These are often post-industrial objects and former military facilities. As a result of the social, political and economic transformations that have taken place in Poland over the years after the Second World War, these objects have lost the meaning of their existence and functioning. Quite often such objects also have a historical character, which may, under Polish law, serve to hinder the possibility of them being reused. A well prepared revitalisation is often the only way for such objects to regain their earlier functionality, or gain a new one. Selected examples of the revitalisation of historic buildings located in Olsztyn (the capital of Warmia and Mazury, the Voivodeship in North-East Poland) were analysed by the authors in this article, and the effects of such actions, connected to the development of the city, were presented. The study included examples of the revitalisation of post-industrial objects and former military facilities. The analysis was performed in the years 2010–2016. The history and previous functional status of the tested objects were presented, as well as their present form and function. The authors have performed a comprehensive analysis of the compliance of new functions of objects with the idea of the sustainable development of the city. The results show the extent to which the analysed activities comply with the principles of sustainable development, in social, economic and environmental terms.

The meaning of the relationship between bale nyungcung roof and inner room in architectural design of Mosques at Sunda Tatar

ARTEKS Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur ◽

10.30822/arteks.v6i1.538 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 25-34

Author(s):

Roza Rahmadjasa Mintaredja ◽

Purnama Salura ◽

Bachtiar Fauzy

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Architectural Design ◽

Vernacular Architecture ◽

The West ◽

West Java ◽

Form And Function ◽

Basic Reference ◽

And Function ◽

The Relationship

There has been a decline in the form and function of Sundanese vernacular architecture for large buildings due to the absence of artifacts in village houses. The data on palace or keraton and terraced roofs are only found in lontar and from outside observers in the XVI century. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of the bale nyungcung roof emerged on the mosque in the XVI-XIX centuries at West Java after disappearing for more or less two centuries. The reappearance makes it interesting to study this concept, especially with the focus on its relationship with the inner room of the mosque. This research was conducted on the Great Mosque spread in Sunda Tatar such as the West Java and Banten Provinces with buildings of Majalaya, Manonjaya, and Banten used as case studies. It was conducted qualitatively and interpretatively using the building anatomical theory to analyze the scope of shape and the Bale Nyungcung roof. The results showed the relationship between the roof and the inner space is a reflection of the adjustment in the mosque's basic reference with the Bale Nyungcung roof used as one of the Sundanese local building features.

Kata Ganti Orang dalam Bahasa Pagu (Isam)

Kajian Linguistik ◽

10.35796/kaling.3.1.2015.9258 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elsye Jesti Mutji

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Personal Pronoun ◽

Possessive Pronoun ◽

The West ◽

Form And Function ◽

And Function ◽

Local Languages

Pagu (Isam) language is a member of the NorthHalmaheran family of the West Papuan phylum. Pagu (Isam) Language is the language is almost extinctbecauseitsspeakers are less. Because of that problem the author hopes this research willbe motivate the other writersto preserve local languages in a study.This research is a description about personal pronounin Pagu (Isam) language. Personal pronounrefers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and function.The problems of this research are what are the form and function used in the sentence of Pagu (Isam)language.The result of this research will be concluded not only descriptionaboutpersonal pronoun in Pagu (Isam) language but also one aspect of personal pronounthatnot yet known there are third personal pronoun with neutral gender andthenat possessive pronoun we just need to add“to”as a marker that it is possessive pronoun.Key word: Description, Personal Pronoun, Pagu (Isam) Language

Bentuk dan Fungsi Musik Dol pada Masyarakat Kota Bengkulu

Besaung : Jurnal Seni Desain dan Budaya ◽

10.36982/jsdb.v5i1.960 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Irfan Kurniawan ◽

Zelly Marissa Haque

Keyword(s):

Community Integration ◽

Music Performance ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Emotional Disclosure ◽

Cultural Continuity ◽

Form And Function ◽

The People ◽

And Function ◽

The City

AbstractThis article discusses the form and function of Dol music in Bengkulu city society. This study uses qualitative methods, data collection is done by observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that Dol music is an important element integrated in the Tabot ritual procession in the city of Bengkulu. 3 Dol music reporters in carrying out Tabot rituals, namely tamatam, swena, and sweri. The role of Dol music in the procession is to express the musical spirit of ritua tabot namely struggle, war and sadness. The existence of Dol music performance both in the context of Tabot rituals, as well as its development outside the Tabot event contest, has important values and functions for the community namely; 1) Functioning as entertainment for the community, 2) The function of emotional disclosure, seen from the emotional overflow of players in the “beruji Dol” 3) functions as a ratification of social institutions, in this case Dol music is an important requirement in the Tabot ceremony, 4) symbolic function, as a symbol manifested through musical aspects expressing sadness or the spirit of warfare, 5) the function of community integration, uniting the community in togetherness and being involved in the wisdom of the Tabot ceremony, and 6) the function of cultural continuity; the existence of Dol music as a form of effort to preserve and strengthen the cultural identity of the people of Bengkulu city.Keywords : Dol music, Tabot Rital, Form, FunctionAbstractArtikel ini membahas tentang bentuk dan fungsi musik Dol dalam kehidupan masyarakat kota Bengkulu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Permasalahan dibahas melalui deskriptif analisis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa musik Dol merupakan unsur penting yang terintegrasi dalam prosesi upacara Tabot di kota Bengkulu. Terdapat 3 reportoar musik Dol dalam pelaksanaan upacara Tabot yakni tamatam, swena, dan sweri. Adapun peran musik Dol pada prosesi tersebut adalah mengekspresikan secara musikal spirit dari upacara yakni perjuangan, perperangan dan kesedihan. Keberadaan seni pertunjukan musik Dol baik dalam konteks ritual Tabot, maupun perkembangnganya diluar kontes uapacara Tabot, memiliki nilai dan fungsi penting bagi masyarakatnya yakni; 1) Berfungsi Sebagai hiburan bagi masyarakat, 2)Fungsi pengungkapan emosional, terlihat dari peluapan emosional pemain pada prosesi “beruji Dol” 3) berfungsi sebagai pengesah lembaga sosial, dalam hal ini musik Dol merupakan syarat penting dalam upacara Tabot, 4) fungsi perlambangan, sebagai simbol yang diwujudkan melalui aspek musikal yang mengekspresikan kesedihan ataupun spirit perperangan, 5) fungsi pengintegrasian masyarakat, menyatukan masyarakat dalam kebersamaan dan terlibat dalam hikmatnya upacara Tabot, dan 6) fungsi kesenambungan budaya; eksistensi musik Dol sebagai bentuk usaha pelestarian dan penguatan idenitas budaya masyarakat kota Bengkulu.Kata kunci : Musik Dol, upacara Tabot, Bentuk, Fungsi

The Astu of Athens

Building Democracy in Late Archaic Athens ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190083571.003.0004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 127-174

Author(s):

Jessica Paga

Keyword(s):

Built Environment ◽

Lived Experience ◽

City Center ◽

Architectural Form ◽

Form And Function ◽

Ritual Landscape ◽

And Function ◽

The City

This chapter evaluates buildings in the astu (city center) of Athens, excluding the Akropolis and Agora. Buildings and monuments within distinct areas are treated together in order to consider the broader impact of discrete sectors of the city. The chapter concludes with an examination of the sight lines and viewing axes that crisscross the city, connected to and independent of the roadways and paths. These sight lines, axes, and roads link various parts of the city together via the built environment, thereby underscoring relationships in both architectural form and function. The chapter emphasizes how the changes to the built environment in the late sixth and early fifth centuries also transformed the ritual landscape and lived experience of the astu.

The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura Granulata

Genome Biology and Evolution ◽

10.1093/gbe/evaa263 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rebecca M Varney ◽

Daniel I Speiser ◽

Carmel McDougall ◽

Bernard M Degnan ◽

Kevin M Kocot

Keyword(s):

West Indian ◽

The Other ◽

The West ◽

Future Studies ◽

Form And Function ◽

Genetic Mechanisms ◽

Molluscan Evolution ◽

And Function

Abstract Molluscs biomineralize structures that vary in composition, form, and function, prompting questions about the genetic mechanisms responsible for their production and the evolution of these mechanisms. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) are a promising system for studies of biomineralization because they build a range of calcified structures including shell plates and spine- or scale-like sclerites. Chitons also harden the calcified teeth of their rasp-like radula with a coat of iron (as magnetite). Here we present the genome of the West Indian fuzzy chiton Acanthopleura granulata, the first from any aculiferan mollusc. The A. granulata genome contains homologs of many genes associated with biomineralization in conchiferan molluscs. We expected chitons to lack genes previously identified from pathways conchiferans use to make biominerals like calcite and nacre because chitons do not use these materials in their shells. Surprisingly, the A. granulata genome has homologs of many of these genes, suggesting that the ancestral mollusc may have had a more diverse biomineralization toolkit than expected. The A. granulata genome has features that may be specialized for iron biomineralization, including a higher proportion of genes regulated directly by iron than other molluscs. A. granulata also produces two isoforms of soma-like ferritin: one is regulated by iron and similar in sequence to the soma-like ferritins of other molluscs, and the other is constitutively translated and is not found in other molluscs. The A. granulata genome is a resource for future studies of molluscan evolution and biomineralization.