Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Schupmann
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Constitutional Theory ◽  
Original Solution ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Popular Appeal ◽  
The Will ◽  
Mass Democracy ◽  
Modern Mass

The Introduction analyzes both how the popular appeal of the Nazi and Communist parties posed a dilemma for Weimar democracy and how Schmitt thought this dilemma illustrated the broader problem mass democracy posed for twentieth-century constitutional democratic states. The dilemma begged the question of whether the will of the people could be legitimately constrained. The Introduction contextualizes Schmitt’s analysis of this dilemma by reconstructing nineteenth- and early twentieth-century debates in German jurisprudence about the nature of valid law, arguing that Schmitt’s thought emerged out of an anti-positivist movement. This Introduction also assesses some of the problems facing scholarship of Schmitt, including his occasionalism and anti-Semitism. While acknowledging how damning these charges are, it argues that Schmitt’s state and constitutional theory can be separated from his personal failures and that his thought provides a valuable and original solution to the problems modern mass democracy poses.

Nation in Ephemeral Literature: Dynamics of Demonstrative Resistance and Swadeshi Nationhood (1905–11)

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-97
Author(s):  
Mimasha Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The People

A new image was engendered in twentieth-century Bengal. The image clarified the direction of public opinion, whether it sanctified the actions of the colonizers or that of the colonized. In the process, those who chose to side with the colonized developed a close bond with the others who became a part of the camaraderie. The resultant image, envisioned by the people, did not come to them naturally; it was produced in their mind. The word of the age, printed and performed, helped produce this vision using the context as an index of reference. Words were transmitted and circulated among large number of people, who came to know, discuss and debate it. Despite the strict vigilance of the Raj that censured objectionable words, it nevertheless reached the public. Words found expression in ephemeral media that made the words disseminated untraceable. One such medium was the placard. This article analyses the placards circulated and posted, during the early twentieth century, and delves deep into the process of demonstration and persuasion adopted by the placards to invoke an image of nation among the Bengalis.

Contract

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Gordley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Law

‘Classical’ contract law was built on a substantive premise about contract law and two premises about legal method. The substantive premise was voluntaristic: the business of contract law is to enforce the will or choice of the parties. The first methodological premise was positivistic: the law is found, implicitly or explicitly, in the decisions of common law judges. The second methodological premise was conceptualistic: the law should be stated in general formulas which can be tested by their coherence. Finally, ‘classical’ contract law reflected an attitude about how best to steer a course — as every legal system must — between strict rules and equitable considerations. Since the early twentieth century, classical contract law has been breaking down. Allegiance to its premises has weakened as has the preference for rigor. At the same time, scholars have found classical law to be inconsistent even in its own terms. Nevertheless, much of it has remained in place faute de mieux while contemporary jurists have tried to see what is really at stake in particular legal problems. This article describes their work.

Volksconcerte in Vienna and Late Nineteenth-Century Ideology of the Symphony

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 421-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Notley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The City

Late nineteenth-century journalistic criticism in Vienna offers many precedents for Paul Bekker's interpretation of the symphony. Beethoven's symphonies provided the model for an aesthetics of the genre-couched in metaphors connecting it to "the people"-that motivated the reception of works by Brahms and Bruckner. Activists who wished to inaugurate symphonic Volksconcerte in the city took the figurative utopian function of the genre literally. Though their efforts were confounded not only by institutionalized elitism but also by the preferences of the Viennese Volk for other kinds of music, their work bore fruit in the early twentieth century with the founding of the Wiener Konzertverein and the Arbeiter-Symphonie-Konzerte.

Lev Gumilev: His Pretensions as Founder of Ethnology and his Eurasian Theories

Inner Asia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Panarin ◽  
Viktor Shnirelman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
The Political ◽  
Biological Entity ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Special Time

AbstractThis paper takes a critical look at the work of the extraordinarily popular historian Lev Gumilev. Writing in late Soviet times, Gumilev has become virtually a cult figure in Russia after his death. He took up the ideas of the Eurasianists of the early twentieth century, according to whom Russia's destiny is to be a Eurasian power, and he reconfigured them as a ‘scientific’ theory of ethnos. The ethnos is supposed to be a ‘biological’ entity determined by its place in the natural environment, but at the same time, inspired by a few innovative leaders, each ‘ethnos’ has its special time of intense flowering (which Gumilev called ‘passionary’). The article examines the contradictions in Gumilev's theories and its methodological flaws. It endswith a discussion of the political implications ofGumilev's popularity in post-Socialist Russia. He is not only admired by semi-educated people but is also legitimised by sections of the academy (a university is named after him in Kazakhstan). It is argued that his work lends a spurious credence to nationalismand anti-semitism.

scholarly journals The Ultimate Fox in Lillian Hellman’s The Little Foxes

2018 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
Instructor Marwa Ghazi Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Human Value ◽  
American Society ◽  
Moral Themes

         Lillian Hellman was an American playwright whose name was associated with the moral values of the early twentieth century. Her plays were remarkable for the moral themes that dealt with the evil. They were distinguished, as well, for the depiction of characters who are still alive in the American drama for their vivid personalities, effective roles and realistic portrayal. This paper studies Lillian Hellman’s The Little Foxes as a criticism of the American society in the early twentieth-century. Though America was a country built on hopes and dreams of freedom and happiness. During the Great Depression, happiness was certainly not present in many people's lives. The presence of alternate political ideas, decay of love and values increased life's problems, and considered a stress inducing factor were popular themes to be explored during the Great Depression. America, the land of promises, became an empty world revolving around money and material well-being and which turned the people bereft of love, and human values. Hellman’s play presents the real fox, represented by the political and material world, as the one responsible for the raise of new kind of people, the little foxes, and the decline of human value.

scholarly journals NATIONALISM IN VIETNAM AND KOREAN LITERATURE IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: CASES OF PHAN BOI CHAU AND SHIN CHAE-HO

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Tung Ngoc ◽  
Nguyen Le Thu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Korean Literature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
History Of Literature

East Asian literature in the early twentieth century witnessed the emergence of many great authors who gathered all personality of a patriot - writer - historian - revolutionary activist. They emphasized literature does not serve artistic purposes, but social purposes, which touch the heart. Literature at this time conveyed the stream of national consciousness, nationalism, independence and freedom to all of the people and promoted their patriotism and the spirit of fighting for the nation and the people. This paper focuses on analyzing the nationalist ideology in the works of Phan Boi Chau and Shin Chae-ho in the history of literature of Vietnam and Korea in the early twentieth century. Thereby, the research provides an overview of the common characteristics of the nationalist literature in East Asia. In the research content, this paper recognizes the nationalist ideology of Korean and Vietnamese intellectuals in the transformation of the historical, political and social situation in the early twentieth century. On that basis, this paper identifies the characteristics of nationalism in Shin Chae-ho’s and Phan Boi Chau's works.

G. K. Chesterton and Islam

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Tom Villis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Protestant Christianity ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Scholarly Attention

G. K. Chesterton's anti-Semitism has attracted much scholarly attention, but his views on Islam have largely passed without comment. This article situates Chesterton's writings in relation to historical views of Islam in Britain and the political, cultural and religious context of the early twentieth century. Chesterton's complex and contradictory opinions fail to support easy conclusions about the immutability of prejudice across time. His views of Islam are at times orientalist and at other times critical of imperialism and elitism. As well as drawing on medieval Catholic ideas about the “heresy” of Islam, Chesterton also links Islam with Protestant Christianity. From another perspective, his views of Islam draw on liberal traditions of humanitarian interventionism and democratic patriotism. Finally, he also used Islam as a symbol of a corroding modernity. This study suggests the need for a historically sensitive genealogy of the evolution of anti-Muslim prejudice which is not predetermined by the politics of the early twenty-first century.

EMIGRANTEN ROND HET ACHTER-HUIS VAN ANNE FRANK

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-226
Author(s):  
Gertjan Broek
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
European History ◽  
Nazi Regime ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Anne Frank

MIGRANTS AROUND ANNE FRANK’S ACHTERHUIS The story of Anne Frank, her family and her companions, hiding from persecution by the Nazi regime, is a well-known and – at a first glance – very Dutch one. The main divide between those in hiding and their helpers was that between being Jewish and being non-Jewish, which in those precarious times was of course the essential ‘divide’ imposed on the people of occupied Europe. But a closer look at the group of people around Anne seen from the perspective of migration and (national) identity produces different dividing lines and insights. Their life stories, converging in that one Amsterdam warehouse, ref lect many aspects of early twentieth-century European history.

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