Human impacts

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
Simon F. Thrush ◽  
Judi E. Hewitt ◽  
Conrad A. Pilditch ◽  
Alf Norkko
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Soft Sediments ◽  
Multiple Stressor ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Global Impacts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Fishing Impacts

Coastal soft sediments are closely linked to human activity both on the land and at sea and consequently they are subjected to a wide array of human impacts. Looking for some general patterns in the consequences of impacts, this chapter identifies a range of different ecological changes as a result of direct impacts and then moves to address indirect effects. The chapter looks at the connections between local and global impacts focussing on eutrophication, fishing impacts, sediment run-off from land and plastic pollution. This leads to an introduction into the challenges of addressing multiple stressor effects, cumulative effects and the stress and disturbance-induced homogenisation of seafloor habitats and communities. The history of impact in coastal ecosystems often means that we have no appreciation for what has been lost in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem function. The chapter emphasises that to address the challenges of human-induced changes in soft sediments, we need good knowledge of how seafloor ecosystems function and how ecological systems as a network of interactions respond to change.

James C. Knox (1977) Human impacts on Wisconsin stream channels. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67: 224–244.

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Graf
Keyword(s):  
Mississippi River ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
River System ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Driftless Area ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Floodplain Deposits

James C. Knox’s 1977 paper “Human Impacts on Wisconsin Stream Channels,” published in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers, was a key component of a suite of three papers by him defining the response of rivers to the introduction and management of agriculture and to climate change. In this paper he used the Driftless Area of southwest Wisconsin as a laboratory where he could define fluvial responses by their sedimentary signatures in floodplain deposits. Land-use records dating back to the early 19th century along with shorter climate records provided his understanding of the drivers of change. He found that floods increased as an outcome of land-cover change. Upstream tributaries became wider and shallower as coarse deposits limited their adjustments, while main stem channels became narrower and deeper. His paper reflected the influence of his graduate advisor and especially of prominent faculty colleagues at the University of Wisconsin from fields ranging from soils and climatology to geomorphology and history. The paper was the subject of considerable debate in the professional community, but it remains a much-cited example of Knox’s work in unraveling the Quaternary and Holocene history of rivers of the Driftless Area and by extension the upper Mississippi River system.

Straw Boats and the Proverbial Sea: A Response to ‘Island Archaeology: In Search of a New Horizon’

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-238
Author(s):  
Scott M. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Jon M. Erlandson ◽  
Atholl Anderson ◽  
Patrick V. Kirch
Keyword(s):  
Historical Ecology ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Comparative Framework ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Island Archaeology ◽  
Cultural Developments

In a recent ISJ paper, “Island Archaeology: In Search of a New Horizon”, Boomert and Bright (2007) argue that the field of “island archaeology” should be replaced by an “archaeology of maritime identity”. We disagree and counter that although islands share many physical, biological, and cultural similarities with continental coasts, coastal zones also grade uninterruptedly into riverine, lacustrine, and terrestrial landscapes, raising questions about the validity of their concept of the archaeology of maritime identity. In our view, island archaeology (the application of archaeology to island settings), regardless of past biogeographical underpinnings, has made major contributions to understanding the historical ecology, human impacts, and cultural developments of islands around the world. A focus on islands by archaeologists has encouraged scholars to study the history of island and maritime societies within a comparative framework that is useful for breaking out of the often provincial focus on a single island or archipelago.

The History of Human Impacts in the Clear Lake Watershed ( California) as Deduced from Lake Sediment Cores*

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Nelson ◽  
Alan Heyvaert ◽  
Laurent Meillier ◽  
Jae Kim ◽  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Sediment ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Clear Lake ◽  
History Of

Abstract 127: Radiosurgery for Unruptured Intervention-Naïve Pediatric Brain Arteriovenous Malformations

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-jen Chen ◽  
Cheng-Chia Lee ◽  
Hideyuki Kano ◽  
Kathryn Kearns ◽  
Dale Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Endpoint ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Brain Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Pediatric Brain ◽  
Stroke Death

Background and Purpose: To evaluate, in a multicenter, retrospective cohort study, the outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for unruptured, intervention-naïve pediatric brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation pediatric AVM database from 1987-2018. Pediatric patients with unruptured, previously untreated AVMs who underwent SRS were included. The primary endpoint was a composite of hemorrhagic stroke, death, or permanently symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RIC). Results: The study cohort comprised 101 patients (mean follow-up 80.8 months). The primary endpoint occurred in 14%, comprising hemorrhage stroke, death, and permanent RIC in 6%, 3%, and 8%, respectively. Estimated probabilities of the primary endpoint were 5.2%, 10.8%, and 23.0% at 2, 5, and 10 years, respectively (Figure 1). Estimated probabilities of AVM obliteration at 5 and 10 years were 64% and 82%, respectively (Figure 2). Single SRS treatment (p=0.007) and higher margin dose (p=0.005) were predictors of obliteration. Subgroup analysis of Spetzler-Martin grade I-III AVMs estimated primary endpoint probabilities of 3.7%, 8.4%, and 18.7% at 2, 5 and 10 years, respectively. Conclusion: Treatment of unruptured, intervention-naïve AVMs in the pediatric population with SRS carries an approximately 2% annual risk of morbidity and mortality, which appears to plateau after 10 years. The poorly described natural history of pediatric AVMs makes any comparison of SRS versus conservative management imperfect. However, due to the young age at diagnosis and excessive cumulative life hemorrhage risk of an untreated AVM in a child, SRS is likely to have a favorable long-term risk-benefit profile for appropriately selected unruptured pediatric AVMs.

scholarly journals ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World: Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Gon ◽  
Stephanie Tom ◽  
Ulalia Woodside
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Social Ecological Systems ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Biocultural Restoration ◽  
Native Habitats

Pre-Western-contact Hawai‘i stands as a quintessential example of a large human population that practiced intensive agriculture, yet minimally affected native habitats that comprised the foundation of its vitality. An explicit geospatial footprint of human-transformed areas across the pre-contact Hawaiian archipelago comprised less than 15% of total land area, yet provided 100% of human needs, supporting a thriving Polynesian society. A post-contact history of disruption of traditional land use and its supplanting by Western land tenure and agriculture culminated in a landscape less than 250 years later in which over 50% of native habitats have been lost, while self-sufficiency has plummeted to 15% or less. Recapturing the ‘āina momona (productive lands) of ancient times through biocultural restoration can be accomplished through study of pre-contact agriculture, assessment of biological and ecological changes on Hawaiian social-ecological systems, and conscious planned efforts to increase self-sufficiency and reduce importation. Impediments include the current tourism-based economy, competition from habitat-modifying introduced species, a suite of agricultural pests severely limiting traditional agriculture, and climate changes rendering some pre-contact agricultural centers suboptimal. Modified methods will be required to counteract these limitations, enhance biosecurity, and diversify agriculture, without further degrading native habitats, and recapture a reciprocal Hawaiian human-nature relationship.

scholarly journals Flower Diversification Across “Pollinator Climates”: Sensory Aspects of Corolla Color Evolution in the Florally Diverse South American Genus Jaborosa (Solanaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Moré ◽  
Ana C. Ibañez ◽  
M. Eugenia Drewniak ◽  
Andrea A. Cocucci ◽  
Robert A. Raguso
Keyword(s):  
Visual Space ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
South American ◽  
Large White ◽  
Pollinator Abundance ◽  
Color Evolution ◽  
Floral Color ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pollination Mode

Flower phenotype may diverge within plant lineages when moving across “pollinator climates” (geographic differences in pollinator abundance or preference). Here we explored the potential importance of pollinators as drivers of floral color diversification in the nightshade genus Jaborosa, taking into account color perception capabilities of the actual pollinators (nocturnal hawkmoths vs. saprophilous flies) under a geographic perspective. We analyzed the association between transitions across environments and perceptual color axes using comparative methods. Our results revealed two major evolutionary themes in Jaborosa: (1) a “warm subtropical sphingophilous clade” composed of three hawkmoth-pollinated species found in humid lowland habitats, with large white flowers that clustered together in the visual space of a model hawkmoth (Manduca sexta) and a “cool-temperate brood-deceptive clade” composed of largely fly-pollinated species with small dark flowers found at high altitudes (Andes) or latitudes (Patagonian Steppe), that clustered together in the visual space of a model blowfly (Lucilia sp.) and a syrphid fly (Eristalis tenax). Our findings suggest that the ability of plants to colonize newly formed environments during Andean orogeny and the ecological changes that followed were concomitant with transitions in flower color as perceived by different pollinator functional groups. Our findings suggest that habitat and pollination mode are inextricably linked in the history of this South American plant lineage.

scholarly journals A Holocene pollen record of savanna establishment in coastal Amapá

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro B. de Toledo ◽  
Mark B. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Sample Distribution ◽  
River Flooding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tremendous Impact

The main goal of this study was to investigate how climate and human activities may have influenced ecotonal areas of disjoint savannas within Brazilian Amazonia. The fossil pollen and charcoal records of Lake Márcio (Amapá) were used to provide a Holocene palaeoecological history of this region. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to enhance the patterns of sample distribution along the sediment core. A marked vegetation change from closed forests with swamp elements to open flooded savanna at c. 5000 yrs BP was evident from the pollen record. Charcoal analysis revealed a pattern of increased accumulation of particles coincident with the establishment of savannas, suggesting higher fire frequency and human impacts near the lake. A 550-year sedimentary hiatus suggests that the lake depended heavily on floodwaters from the Amazon River, and that it became suddenly isolated from it. When sedimentation restarted in the lake, the environment had changed. A combination of factors, such as reduced river flooding, palaeofires and human occupation may have had a tremendous impact on the environment. As there are no other major changes in vegetation, after 4700 yrs BP, it is plausible to assume that the modern mosaic vegetation formed at that time.

Florida Bay: A History of Recent Ecological Changes

Estuaries ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Fourqurean ◽  
Michael B. Robblee
Keyword(s):  
Florida Bay ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
History Of

Current Preservation and Development State of Traditional Changzhen (Old Towns)’ Landscape Features

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 310-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Yuan Jia ◽  
Jian Yu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Living Fossil ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Development State ◽  
Political Economic

Old towns is like living fossil which has accumulated rich historical connotations; the one carrying the history of a region’ political, economic, cultural and ecological changes as well as the formative art created by collective labors and wisdoms of generations. The preservation of ancient Chinese dwellings and old towns began late; many historical architectures and traditional country fairs are forcibly removed during the transformation of old cities and towns, thus ancient towns with their original historical looks are becoming less and less. In comparison, the preservation and development of old western towns started earlier than china, with rich experience, they offer good examples for china, especially the successful developing way: eco-tourism. By comparing the preservation and development of traditional Chinese towns’ landscape features to that of western ones, this paper points out that the future development of old towns rely on proper handling of the relation between preserving and the feasibility of renewing, so as to maintain the landscape features of old towns in the course of sustainable development.

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