Freedom as Productivity in Schelling’s Philosophy of Nature

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Naomi Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
The Unconscious

In his works on the philosophy of nature, Schelling often attributes freedom not just to human beings, but also to nature and to organisms. I give an account of Schelling’s notion of productivity as unifying these attributions of freedom, and I explain how freedom as productivity differs in human beings, organisms, and nature as a whole. Human beings are consciously productive; organisms and nature are unconsciously productive. The unconscious productivity of non-human organisms is in harmony with the lawfulness of nature as a whole, while human freedom conflicts with nature’s lawful kind of freedom. However, since Schelling regards human freedom as building upon natural freedom, human beings can, through certain activities, experience a repose from this conflict between our freedom and the laws of nature.

Religiusitas Tokoh-Tokoh Dalam Novel Bumi Cinta Karya Habiburrahman El-Shirazy

AKADEMIKA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-221
Author(s):  
Minahul Mubin
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Relationship With God ◽  
Belief In God ◽  
The World ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
Religious Elements

A novel titled BumiCinta written by Habiburrahman El-Shirazy takes place in the Russian setting, in which Russia is a country that adopts freedom. Russia with various religions embraced by its people has called for the importance of human freedom. Free sex in Russia is commonplace among its young people. Russia is a country that is free with no rules, no wonder if there have been many not embracing certain religion. In fact, according to data Russia is a country accessing the largest porn sites in the world. Habiburrahman in his Bumi Cinta reveals some religious aspects. He incorporates the concept of religion with social conflicts in Russia. Therefore, the writer reveals two fundamental issues, namely: 1. What is the characters' religiosity in the Habiburrahman El-Shirazy'sBumiCinta? 2. What is the characters' religiosity in the BumiCinta in their relationship with God, fellow human beings, and nature ?. To achieve the objectives, the writer uses the religious literary criticism based on the Qur'an and Hadith. It emphasizes religious values in literature. The writer also uses the arguments of scholars and schools of thought to strengthen this paper. This theory is then used to seek the elements of religiousity in the Habiburrahman El-Shirazy'sBumiCinta. In this novel, the writer explains there are strong religious elements and religious effects of its characters, especially the belief in God, faith and piety

Humanism and Technology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cor van der Weele ◽  
Henk van den Belt
Keyword(s):  
Human Freedom ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Control Technologies

The chapter argues that in human relations with technology, assumptions about ourselves are just as crucial as assumptions about technology. Neither the optimistic traditional humanist belief in human freedom and autonomy, nor the pessimistic view that humans are necessarily anthropocentric, will do for building sound relations with technology. The chapter develops this argument through three debates. First, Heidegger’s antihumanism, in which humans do not have any agency in their relations with technology, may not be convincing, yet lack of control is still a relevant theme. Second, the section on evolutionary humanism (turning to transhumanism and AI) shows that humans now often look vulnerable rather than masterful in their relations with technology. Third, Anthropocene debates tend to rest on bleak views of human beings, so that hard-to-control technologies may then seem to be our only hope. The chapter argues for a need to develop more detailed insights into how we function by facing and exploring our weaknesses and vulnerabilities, as well our under-recognized abilities for responsibility. This may open perspectives on more modest and entangled forms of agency, more humane technologies, and more de-centered relations with nature.

The Myth of Primordialism in Cicero's Theory of Jus Gentium

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-506
Author(s):  
WILLIAM E. CONKLIN
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
International Community ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
State Laws ◽  
International Court ◽  
Natural Law Theory ◽  
Justice Judgments ◽  
Civilized World

AbstractAfter setting out the importance of the notion of an international community in contemporary treaties, International Court of Justice judgments and opinio juris, this paper claims that we need to turn to Cicero's works in order to appreciate a sense of what an international community is. Cicero was the first jurist known to recognize and elaborate a theory of the international community and this through his concept of jus gentium. Cicero's theory of jus gentium, I argue, was neither a positivist theory nor a natural law theory. Instead, jus gentium dwelt in an intermediate position between posited state laws and the laws of nature. I find a problem, however, in that Cicero exempts certain types of society from the guidance and protection of the jus gentium. I document examples of the sort of society so exempted. In order to understand why Cicero exempts such societies from the protection of the jus gentium, I argue, Cicero's theory depends on a primordial condition where human beings, living an animal-like existence, lack a language and reason. Cicero posits that human beings must leap from such a primordial condition into a civilized world where language is shared. Cicero associates a civilized world with communication, deliberation, reason, and law, particularly the jus gentium. His theory of jus gentium thereby hierarchizes societies and begs that we ask whether such a hierarchy remains presupposed in contemporary international law and international legal theory.

scholarly journals A New Concept of Nature as a Foundation for Ethics: On the Relevance of Hans Jonas

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-191
Author(s):  
Marcus Knaup ◽  
Hanna Hubenko ◽  
Galyna Iarmolovych
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hans Jonas ◽  
Global Responsibility ◽  
Human Value ◽  
The Public Sphere

The article is devoted to the bioethical reconstruction of the theoretical heritage of Hans Jonas (1903-1993) – a famous German and later American philosopher. Jonas showed that the study of ethics, namely the ethics of the living, should become an integral part of the formation of modern human, his complete education. He was one of the most fascinating thinkers of the twentieth century. He has presented groundbreaking works which are still the subject of serious discussion especially in the areas of ethics and philosophy of nature. In these publications he presents an in-depth philosophical reflection on the relationship between human beings and nature, as well as on the manner in which we approach our association with technology. Particularly in the light of possibilities presented by modern technology, Jonas was primarily interested in a new approach to the philosophy of nature as the basis, the foundation for an ethics of global responsibility. The article re-actualizes the thoughts and arguments of Jonas, which are especially relevant now, at the beginning of the XXI century. These include: the technique change the nature itself, not just human's attitude to nature; the technical sciences change a human being, the mathematization of nature leads to a change not only in human evaluation, but also in human value; critique of epiphenomenalism for underestimating mental states and identifying the non-reducibility of living creatures to its parts; the search for the potential of subjectivity in the realm of living creatures as a whole; reliance on the principle of responsibility as a way to ensure a future humanity as guaranteed, albeit limited in its capabilities. Educating a person on the basis of the principle of responsibility opens the possibility to take into account the interests of future generations and all living creatures, understanding that every person always was, is and will be a part of realm of these creatures. The philosophy of nature as such whole realm creates the preconditions and foundations for the ethics of responsibility as a postconventional universalist ethics. A new way of thinking in nature is the basis of ethics in the technological age: in addition to philosophy and science, the voices of religion, politics, education and the public sphere must also be heard to find answers to current life questions.

Natural Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 174-203
Author(s):  
Lenn E. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Natural Theology ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Naturalistic Fallacy ◽  
Legal Positivism ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Theology And Science ◽  
Great Tradition

Natural law links moral and legal theory with natural theology and science. It is critical to thinking about God’s sovereignty and human freedom. Tracing the roots of the natural law idea, I defend the approach against conventionalism and legal positivism. For they leave human norms ungrounded. Chapter 7 opens by disarming Hume’s elenchus about ‘is’ and ‘ought’. I do not deny the reality of a naturalistic fallacy, but I do argue that facts make rightful claims on us and that the unity of reality and value central to Jewish thinking and to the philosophical great tradition does not confuse facts with values but does appreciate the preciousness of being—of life and personhood most pointedly. Once again here transcendence consorts with immanence. For we find God’s law writ subtly in nature, not least when we discover what it means to perfect ourselves as loving and creative human beings.

Diversifying Method

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-261
Author(s):  
Anik Waldow
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Scientific Enterprise ◽  
Empirical World ◽  
Capacity To Act ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Deterministic Framework

By investigating Kant’s anthropology, this chapter presents him as a thinker who was firmly committed to a conception of the human being as shaped by its situatedness in the empirical world of history and culture. However, due to Kant’s own methodological constraints, he could recognize this situatedness only if approached through a deterministic framework that traces the causes and effects of the laws of nature. Human freedom here becomes almost unrecognizable, which makes it necessary for us to acknowledge the systematic nature of Kant’s general “scientific” enterprise. This enterprise employs different methodological strategies and disciplines that all in their own way clarify what it means to be human: a creature that is able to know and understand, but also able to act freely. Kant’s anthropology appeals to us in our capacity to act, thereby performing a function his theoretical sciences fail to cover.

Predestination and freedom in Milton's Paradise Lost

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-80
Author(s):  
Benjamin Myers
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Paradise Lost ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Fluid Sphere ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
History Of

John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost (1667) offers a highly creative seventeenth-century reconstruction of the doctrine of predestination, a reconstruction which both anticipates modern theological developments and sheds important light on the history of predestinarian thought. Moving beyond the framework of post-Reformation controversies, the poem emphasises both the freedom and the universality of electing grace, and the eternally decisive role of human freedom in salvation. The poem erases the distinction between an eternal election of some human beings and an eternal rejection of others, portraying reprobation instead as the temporal self-condemnation of those who wilfully reject their own election and so exclude themselves from salvation. While election is grounded in the gracious will of God, reprobation is thus grounded in the fluid sphere of human decision. Highlighting this sphere of human decision, the poem depicts the freedom of human beings to actualise the future as itself the object of divine predestination. While presenting its own unique vision of predestination, Paradise Lost thus moves towards the influential and distinctively modern formulations of later thinkers like Schleiermacher and Barth.

Depth psychology through the lens of Classical Yoga: a reconsideration of Jung’s ontic reality

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Leanne Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Depth Psychology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Psychological Concepts

ABSTRACTJung, a self-proclaimed empiricist, resisted all metaphysical claims. Nevertheless his depth psychology hypothesized an unconscious agent, which we can never know directly. As a means of healing he implores us to loosen our resistance to the unconscious, for when ego-consciousness develops and maintains a relationship to the unconscious, human beings make the Creator conscious of His creation. Although not explicit in his theories, both the ego and the unconscious are more than psychological concepts for Jung; they are ontically real. Looking at Jung through the lens of Classical Yoga this paper invites a reconsideration of the Jungian ontic reality.

scholarly journals Starotestamentalne cuda w poemacie "Paschale carmen" Seduliusza

Vox Patrum ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 331-356
Author(s):  
Tatiana Krynicka
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Human Voice ◽  
History Of

Before turning to the wonderful Saviour’s deeds, that he strives to praise in Paschale Carmen, Sedulius introduces his reader into the old testamental history of salvation. In the Book 1, which fulfils the functions of a preface to the poem, he recounts 18 miracles that took place before Christ was born, since the ages of the Patriarchs to the period of the Babylonian captivity. These relations appear to be separate, self-contained stories. The longest is devoted to the miraculous fate of the prophet Elijah (lines 170-187); in the shortest the poet tells about the Balaam’s donkey, an animal without speech, who spoke to its master with a human voice (lines 160-162). Miracles fascinate Sedulius as extraordinary events, which deny the laws of nature and contradict common sense. At that they are sometimes con­nected with a marvelous metamorphosis. God performs miracles in order to show to the mankind His might, providence and kindness; to educate human beings and to prepare them for the coming of Christ; to foretell cosmic redemption at the end of times. Telling about the old testamental miracles Sedulius tends to refer both to the unbelievers and to the believers the revealed truth. He also aims to awake in the readers’ hearts wonderment, gratitude, love and trust towards the Holy Trinity.

scholarly journals ¿Qué hubiera sido de Edipo sin Aristóteles y sin Freud?

2017 ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Sebastián Gámez Millán
Keyword(s):  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Curse Of Knowledge ◽  
Unconscious Desire ◽  
Sobre Todo ◽  
Plausible Argumentation

Edipo rey, de Sófocles, no se hubiera convertido en una tragedia “modélica” si no hubiera gozado de una amplia y reconocida recepción, sobre todo, por parte dos de sus intérpretes más decisivos e influyentes: Aristóteles y Freud. En este artículo analizamos los principales argumentos que ofrece Aristóteles en la Poética: a) la forma más apropiada de reconocimiento; b) el uso del coro; c) la argumentación verosímil; d) la concentración necesaria. Freud descubre en esta tragedia una estructura antropológica del deseo inconsciente de los seres humanos. Por último, expondremos los argumentos filosóficos de Kaufmann: a) la inseguridad radical del ser humano; b) la ceguera; c) la maldición del conocimiento; d) la inevitabilidad de la tragedia; d) el cuestionamiento de la justicia.Oedipus king, by Sophocles, would not have become a “model” tragedy if he had not enjoyed a wide and recognised reception, especially by two of his most decisive and influential interpreters: Aristotle and Freud. In this article we analyze the main arguments that Aristotle offers in the Poetics: a) the most appropriate form of recognition; b) the use of the choir; c) the plausible argumentation; d) the necessary concentration. Freud discovers in this tragedy an anthropological structure of the unconscious desire of the human beings. Finally, we will expose the philosophical arguments of Kaufmann: a) the radical insecurity of the human being; b) blindness; d) the curse of knowledge; d)the inevitability of the tragedy; e) the questioning of justice.

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