Rewriting History, from the Age of Romanticism to the Age of Self-Interest and Misinformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 242-264
Author(s):  
D. W. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Community Archaeology ◽  
Property Ownership ◽  
Classical Archaeology ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Treasure Hunting ◽  
Career Structure ◽  
Rewriting History ◽  
Definition Of

British archaeology has a long tradition of antiquarianism and amateur involvement, reflected in more recent times in minimal legislative sanctions and attitudes towards treasure hunting. It has also long deferred to the established interests of land and property ownership. The presentation of archaeology on television as entertainment is matched by the popularity of re-enactment rather than serious experimental programmes. The post-1960s expansion of archaeology in universities has now been reversed, and declining recruitment and funding problems inevitably have resulted in dumbing down of standards. Economic retrenchment has also affected museums and public services, which have been obliged to adopt a more commercial approach in providing services. Professional practice for survey and excavation in advance of development still lacks an adequate career structure, and the need for selectivity in salvaging threatened sites has not been addressed. Meanwhile, citizen science, crowdfunding, and community archaeology all provide practical involvement for the interested public. Prehistoric archaeology in particular has succumbed to intuitive and fact-free approaches to interpretation that are a product of the age of misinformation. Classical archaeology has retained its scholarly focus, benefiting from its pre-eminence in the western post-Enlightenment philosophical tradition. That tradition has equally determined the conventional definition of civilization. But those priorities can no longer be assumed, and traditional scholarly standards and interpretations are now being challenged by an ethos that is intuitive rather than rational.

Cheshire Cat and Mickey Mouse: analysis, interpretation and the art of the La Tène Iron Age

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 261-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. S. Megaw
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Art History ◽  
Mickey Mouse ◽  
Classical Archaeology ◽  
Italian Physician ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
Prehistoric Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Wilhelm Worringer

Nearly seventy years ago Wilhelm Worringer first wrote that ‘ultimately all our definitions of art are definitions of classical art’ (Worringer, 1953, 132). Today, the study of Western European art history, old or modern, the products of peasant craft-centres or urban ‘schools’, has in the course of time developed its own methodology and, almost, mystique. In contrast, the study of many branches of prehistoric art in Europe and elsewhere is all too often seen as a mere extension of the skilled but subjective approaches of classical archaeology without considering the suitability of the latter's application. The use of the classical art-historian's intuitive methods built up not just from visual exprience but a detailed background of literary, historical and philosophical studies must in fact be almost entirely denied the student of prehistoric or primitive art. It is perhaps only natural that principles of classical art history should be applied to later European prehistory, though it is often difficult to arrive at a precise definition of these principles. It was Johann Joachim Winckelmann who made the first systematic application of categories of style to the history of art (Gombrich, 1968, 319). Sir John Beazley, the greatest of all modern classical art historians followed in this tradition basing attributions ‘on the grounds of tell-tale traits of individual mannerisms’ (Carpenter, 1963, 115 ff.) a scheme first applied to painting less than a century ago by the Italian physician Giovanni Morelli (Gombrich, 1968, 309 ff.) and followed at the turn of the nineteenth century in the study of Italian painting (Lermolieff, 1892–3). With Beazley it is, however, difficult to follow step by step his methods of work.

scholarly journals Exploring citizen science in post-socialist space: Uncovering its hidden character in the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Duží ◽  
Robert Osman ◽  
Jiří Lehejček ◽  
Eva Nováková ◽  
Pavel Taraba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Representation ◽  
Science Projects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Search Approach ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Citizen science is a relatively new phenomenon in the Czech Republic and currently a general overview of existing citizen science projects is not available. This presents the challenge to uncover the ‘hidden’ citizen science landscapes. The main objective of this paper is to explore the (public) representation of citizen science (CS) projects and to describe their heterogeneity. The study aims to answer the question of what type of projects in the Czech Republic meet the definition of citizen science. Based on a specific methodological data-base search approach, we compiled a set of CS projects (N = 73). During the classification process, two general citizen science categories were identified. The first group (N = 46) consists of “pure” CS projects with a prevalence towards the natural sciences, principally ornithology, and thus corresponding to general European trends. Citizens usually participate in such research in the form of data collection and basic interpretation, and a high level of cooperation between academia and NGOs was detected. The second group of “potential” CS projects (N = 27) entails various forms of public participation in general, frequently coordinated by NGOs. Based on these results, we discuss the position of citizen science in the Czech Republic, including socially-oriented citizen science. Further research is strongly encouraged to achieve a more in-depth insight into this social phenomenon.

scholarly journals Public participation: Time for a definition of citizen science

Nature ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 551 (7679) ◽  
pp. 168-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Heigl ◽  
Daniel Dörler
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals Mystic Mythopoiesis of Pre-Islamic Arabic Odes

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Urbonaitė
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
Western Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Scientific Terms ◽  
The Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Repeated Motifs

Institute of Oriental Studies, Warsaw University Qaùīdas, the Pre-Islamic Arabic odes, were for years regarded as a model of ideal excellence in Arabic poetry, rhetoric and a way of innermost expression of pure Arabic mind. Poems, made up from several rigorously defined elements, although the definition of poem came up retrospectively, i.e. the clarified form the times of ‘Abbāsid dynasty (750–1258 AD) was imposed on earlier spoken poetry when writing it down, were constructed to specific purposes connected with cyclic tribe-life in desert. Such poetical constructs with repeated motifs from a closed catalogue, which start with a description of an abandoned camp and regret of the parted beloved and end with complaints of the poet’s fate, self-appraisal, shedding tears for fallen tribe members or satire on the enemy tribe, should be read as a cosmological or cosmogonical text. The mythical basement of the Pre-Islamic Arabic odes could be traced when using mythopoiesis, a linguistic expression which interprets the reality according to a mythical basis which is not subdued to the rules of logic analysis and description. While the Western philosophical tradition defines cognition as a line from objective, scientific discourse/logos to immanent, allegoric mythos, the set of motifs in Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and images is pluralistic, incoherent, not reducible to objective-scientific terms – hence, possible to be described only by means of mythopoiesis, the form of language that corresponds to the imaginary structure of this poetry.

scholarly journals HARTA DALAM PERSPEKTIF ALQURAN: (STUDI TAFSIR AYAT-AYAT EKONOMI)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarmiana Batubara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Property Ownership ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Definition Of

The paper deals with assets in the perspective of Alqur’an. It consists of the definition of assets, position of assets inAlquran, orders for seeking property, ownership in the views of Alquran, procedures for acquisition and distribution of assets inAlquran. The paper is in the form of literature studies that was conducted by reviewing related books, journals, magazines and articles. It was revealed several things, as the followings: 1) Assets are objects that can be owned, controlled, cultivated, and transferred, both tangible and intangible objects, both registered and unregistered objects, both movable and immovable objects and rights that have economic value; 2) Assets have a very important position in the Qur'an, as proven by the word mall in the Qur'an for 86 times in 79 quranic verses in 38 surah; 3) Orders to work or look for treasures are stated in Alqur’an, such as in surah At-taubah verse 105, Al-Mulk verse 15, Al-Ankabut verse 69, and Az-Zumar verse 39; 4) The absolute owner of the mallor everythingon this earth is Allah SWT, and human ownership is only relative. It means humans are only ones who have rights for managing and utilizing it as it is; 5) Obtaining mall can be done in various ways, including halal a'mal or ma'isyah.  Then, the characteristics distribution of mall are fair and honest, because even in the smallest deeds we do, all will be accounted for in the hereafter.

scholarly journals The Eventful Character of Bibikhin's Philosophical Thought

2021 ◽  
Vol V (1) ◽  
pp. 78-104
Author(s):  
Yuri Romanenko
Keyword(s):  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Teaching Philosophy ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Ontological Category ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ontological Disputes ◽  
Intellectual Creativity

The article deals with the event-related aspects of V.V. Bibikhin's philosophical activities on the material of his lectures, texts and communication with contemporaries (S.S. Horuzhy, S.S. Averintsev and A.V. Akhutin). The eventfulness of the transfer of knowledge from teacher to student, as well as the unity of thought, word and life are the principles of teaching philosophy derived from the pedagogical experience of V.V. Bibikhin. He was a follower of A.F. Losev and M. Heidegger focusing his thoughts on clarifying ontological problems. Ontological thought is paradoxical in its own nature. This is revealed in the reading and interpretation of Bibikhin's writings, as well as in the evidence of his polemical communication with colleagues. One of the brightest ontological disputes of recent times is the discussion of V.V. Bibikhin and S.S. Horuzhy about the concept of energy which is an essential ontological category. These prominent Russian thinkers had a long-term friendship that included an element of intellectual rivalry. The author calls such communication “friendship in struggle” which has a paradoxical character. The philosophical definition of friendship presented in the book “The Pillar and Statement of Truth” by P.A. Florensky which has an antinomic character is used in the text. The paradoxical event and the polemic nature of V.V. Bibikhin's thought manifests itself in his works and correspondence with friends. The article provides illustrative examples of these moments of his intellectual creativity. V.V. Bibikhin is one of those thinkers who preserve the Russian philosophical tradition in the context of its disputes with other national traditions.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Dallmayr
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Claude Lefort ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Democratic Equality ◽  
Definition Of

Tocqueville asserted that the principle of democratic equality is a “providential fact.” In its actual unfolding, however, the “providential” aspect was replaced by a strictly empirical, humanly engineered process or development, and the spirit of “equality” gave way to the unleashing of unlimited self-interest, which produced growing inequality. This chapter traces the transformation from a qualitative conception into a purely quantitative, empirical, and “minimalist” definition of democracy. Apart from violating equality, the transformation also ignores the “paradigm shift” of democracy (vis-à-vis monarchy): that popular sovereignty cannot be occupied, but remains (in the terms of Claude Lefort) an “empty space.” The chapter also discusses the steady globalization of this definition, meaning the transfer of liberal minimalism from the Western “center” to the non-Western “periphery,” often through policies of “regime change.” In this manner, the domestic rise of inequality is paralleled by the rise of global elitism and hegemonic domination.

Haunted Property

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Gilbreath Ford
Keyword(s):  
Herman Melville ◽  
Slave Narratives ◽  
Eudora Welty ◽  
Property Ownership ◽  
Sherley Anne Williams ◽  
Octavia Butler ◽  
The Status ◽  
Century Poetry ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Haunted Houses

At the heart of America’s slave system was the legal definition of people as property. While property ownership is a cornerstone of the American dream, the status of enslaved people supplies a contrasting American nightmare. This book considers how writers in works from 19th slave narratives to 21st century poetry employ gothic tools, such as ghosts and haunted houses, to portray the horrors of this nightmare. Out of all of slavery’s perils, the definition of people as property is the central impetus for haunting because it allows the perpetration of all of the other terrors. Property becomes the engine for the white accumulation of wealth and power fueled by the destruction of black personhood. Specters often linger, however, to claim title, and haunting can be a bid for property ownership. Through examining works by Harriet Jacobs, Hannah Crafts, Mark Twain, Herman Melville, Sherley Anne Williams, William Faulkner, Eudora Welty, Toni Morrison, Octavia Butler, and Natasha Trethewey, this study reveals how writers can use the gothic to combat legal possession with spectral possession. The book thus reimagines the southern gothic, which has too often been simply equated with the macabre or grotesque and then dismissed as regional. Instead, gothic tales of slavery are the very distillation of the anxieties about race and property located in the larger American literary tradition.

scholarly journals The Problem of Examination of Psychological Barriers of Younger Teenagers Creative Skills Development in Conditions of Recreation

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Liu Yan ◽  
A. Massanov
Keyword(s):  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Creative Development ◽  
Recreational Facilities ◽  
Psychological Barriers ◽  
Recreational Facility ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Creative Abilities ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the discovery of the problem of diagnosing psychological barriers in the development of creative abilities in younger teenagers in a recreational institution. The author argues that the wellness period in children's recreational facilities is the most favourable period for the development of creativity in younger adolescents, as they get new experiences in a new environment, they become more independent and active communication allows them to reveal their personality fully. It is during the holidays that the number of regulations decreases, and more conditions are created to stimulate the creative development of the child. In the article are presented the views of different scientists on the definition of the concepts of "barrier", "psychological barrier", "creative abilities", examined the types of psychological barriers in creative activity. Accordingly, it has been found that sufficient material has been accumulated in psychology to study psychological barriers to creative activity, reflecting various aspects of this topic, but the problem of diagnosing these barriers in adolescence has not been fully addressed. Therefore, as part of the study developed a questionnaire diagnosed with psychological barriers in the development of creative abilities of younger adolescents, taking into account the conditions of children in the recreational facility. Thus, it was found that the younger adolescents are dominated by a moderate degree of expressiveness of psychological barriers, the most pronounced is "self-doubt", "limited opportunities", "no interest", "uncertainty of self-interest", "fear of making a mistake", "fear of the difficulty." It has also been found that younger teenagers have such personality traits as obstacles to self-expression and the use of non-standard solutions as timidity, anxiety, and self-doubt. These traits are the conditions for the emergence of psychological barriers in the situation of involving children in creative activities in order to develop their creative abilities.

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