International Soft Law and Mechanisms of Political Disruption

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham L. Newman ◽  
Elliot Posner
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Political Institution ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

Chapter 2 is a detailed development of the book’s central argument that emphasizes soft law’s second-order consequences, including the way it disrupts the politics of economic governance. The chapter provides a clear and parsimonious definition of soft law: written advisory prescriptions. It reviews existing literature, which has often centered on soft law’s ability to solve governance problems at a given moment in time and focused on issues surrounding compliance. The chapter then turns to the book’s main argument, outlining the logic behind two important temporal mechanisms of political disruption: legitimacy claims and arena expansion. This theoretical chapter thus sets up the key concepts and propositions used in the following empirical chapters, detailing the specific ways that soft law, as a political institution, transforms politics over time.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham L. Newman ◽  
Elliot Posner
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Voluntary Standards ◽  
Central Argument

Chapter 1 gives an overview of the book and summarizes its key argument. From finance to the environment, economic governance at the global level increasingly takes place through voluntary standards, principles, best practices, and guidance, created in transnational forums and labeled international soft law. The proliferation of international soft law has received relatively little scholarly attention despite widespread recognition of its importance. What does soft law do? Going beyond standard answers about soft law’s ability to solve problems, the book’s central argument emphasizes second-order (that is, temporal) political and distributive effects. In doing so, the book resolves real-world questions about the politics of financial regulation, and offers theoretical contributions to scholars of international law, international relations, and sociology. The Introduction ends with chapter summaries of the book.

Introduction, Concepts and Definitions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaela Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Organisational Level ◽  
Over Time

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the belief in a knowledge-based economy has grown; not just amongst academics, but also policy makers, consultants and managers. Nonaka and Takeuchi’s (1995) work The Knowledge Creating Company was among the first to recognise that organisations that manage their knowledge efficiently, have a competitive advantage over organisations that do not succeed in doing so. Based on this understanding, a number of knowledge management frameworks and models have emerged which highlight how to improve the identification, creation, transfer, and documentation of knowledge. These will be discussed further in Chapter 3. This introductory chapter starts with a definition of key concepts and terms, including data, information and knowledge; explicit and tacit knowledge; and the three levels of where knowledge resides (the individual, group, and organisational level). It also briefly explains how processes of managing knowledge at an organisational level can help organisations learn over time, create an organisational memory, and build on what has or has not worked in the past. The concept of knowledge management is thus linked to organisational learning and innovation (Argyris & Schoen, 1978; Gorelick et al., 2004; Senge, 2006). The final section of the chapter provides a range of knowledge management definitions and an overview of the ‘three generations’ of knowledge management.

scholarly journals L’impresa significante fra tradizione e innovazione

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Bagnoli ◽  
Eleonora Masiero
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Strategic Innovation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Strategy Innovation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Value Model ◽  
Over Time

This study explores the idea of a significant business, framing it through the key concepts that define it and illustrating it through a case study that narrates the evolution of a century-old company. Born as an intellectual response to the economic and financial crisis of 2008, the significant business is conceived as an entity capable of enduring over time through the creation of value and its distribution within the community in which it operates. The significant business should be also aware of its own identity and of the need to innovate itself over time considering the synergies and the collaborations that the territory offers, to continue to create wealth. This contribution is part of a series of works that, resulting from numerous action-research projects coordinated by Professor Carlo Bagnoli, have seen as protagonists the companies and their strategic innovation. The starting point of many of these projects is the Manifesto of the Significant Company (Bagnoli et al. 2015), which aims at imagining a business model able to explore and innovate the company to increase its competitiveness, and also to restore meaning to the company itself, through the definition of its own identity. Contributing to previous works, this book explores the idea of significant enterprise by adopting a business and a historical perspective. The first part of the book deals with the business perspective, to introduce the value model commonly used in action research studies undertaken by the spin-off Strategy Innovation of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, and to describe the specific model of a significant business. The second part of the book narrates the story of a centuries-long business, Barovier&Toso, exploring its evolutions. Focusing on the different perspectives that shaped the key concepts and narrating the path followed by a centenary company, this work hopes to shed further light on this fascinating theme together with the reader.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
David C. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Memory Theory ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Persian War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The Introduction situates the thesis within current scholarship and explores its broader implications, particularly with regard to Herodotus, panhellenism, and the influence of Philip and Alexander the Great on the later Persian-War tradition. Yates also provides a brief introduction to memory theory through a review of five key concepts: the definition of collective memory, the relationship between power and memory, the nature of memorial communities, memory as narrative, and the transmission of memory over time. This review is not exhaustive, however, and is intended merely as a primer for concepts that appear throughout the book. The Introduction then turns to a discussion of the methodological challenges of applying memory theory to the ancient world and ends with an outline of the chapters.

scholarly journals What's in a Name? Racial and Ethnic Classifications and the Meaning of Hispanic/Latino in the United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith M. Kilty ◽  
Maria Videl de Haymes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
The United States ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
National Borders ◽  
The Way

The first national census was conducted in 1790, and has been repeated at ten year intervals ever since. While census taking has been consistent, the way individuals have been counted and categorized on the basis of race and ethnicity has varied over time. This paper examines how the official census definition of Latinos has changed over the twenty-two census periods. The modifications of the official definition of this group are discussed in relation to changes in national borders, variations in methodology used for census data gathering, and shifting political contexts.

Identity over Time in Paradise Lost

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57
Author(s):  
Ayelet Langer
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Paradise Lost ◽  
The Self ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

This essay proposes that in Paradise Lost Milton represents the conscious self as constructed over time, thereby anticipating the early eighteenth- century formulation of identity as a problem of diachronic identity. Milton represents this process of self-constitution by situating the mind’s act of unifying itself in the present moment, which he models on Aristotle’s definition of the now as both a connection and a boundary of time. Aristotle’s bivalency of the now serves in Paradise Lost to distinguish between the capacity of prelapsarian and postlapsarian individuals to constitute their self by organizing their experiences in time. As a connection of time, the Aristotelian now grounds Milton’s representation of the way in which the prelapsarian individual constitutes his or her own self. As a boundary of time, it marks the failure of the postlapsarian mind to achieve such constitution, which leads to a disintegration of the self. Thus, Aristotle’s distinction between the two contrasting aspects of the now becomes, in Milton’s representation of the self, the prism through which Milton forms a clear distinction between two fundamental structures of identity, fallen and unfallen.

scholarly journals A Socioecological Developmental Systems Approach for the Study of Human Resilience

2021 ◽  
pp. 335-358
Author(s):  
Ingrid Schoon
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Developmental Systems ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Individual Functioning ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Relational Process

This chapter introduces a socioecological developmental systems approach for the study of human resilience, conceptualizing the multiple contextual influences (ranging from the micro-to the macro context and including the ecosystem), and their interactions with individual functioning over time. It is argued that resilience is a multi-level, dynamic and relational process where individual and context mutually constitute each other through processes of co-regulation. The chapter gives a broad definition of key concepts, such as risk and adaptation, and describes developmental and resilience processes using examples from research on the transition from dependent childhood to independent adulthood.

First as Sociology, Then as Geography

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Justin Tse
Keyword(s):  
Social Geography ◽  
New Age ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Critical Geography ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Ideological Work ◽  
The Way

This essay reviews Steven J. Sutcliffe and Ingvild Sælid Gilhus's New Age Spiritualities: Rethinking Religion. It shows that their attempt to redefine religion through new age spiritualities is actually an attempt to impose an economically elite social geography onto religious studies as a social fact. My central argument is that this effort in turn reveals that religious studies serves as a sociological factory for liberal economic ideologies. It suggests that to mitigate this ideological work, a shift toward critical geography in religious studies is the way forward.

The Distinction between [P] and [S]

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galen Strawson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the difference between John Locke's definition of a person [P], considered as a kind of thing, and his definition of a subject of experience of a certain sophisticated sort [S]. It first discusses the equation [P] = [S], where [S] is assumed to be a continuing thing that is able to survive radical change of substantial realization, as well as Locke's position about consciousness in relation to [P]'s identity or existence over time as [S]. It argues that Locke is not guilty of circularity because he is not proposing consciousness as the determinant of [S]'s identity over time, but only of [S]'s moral and legal responsibility over time. Finally, it suggests that the terms “Person” and “Personal identity” pull apart, in Locke's scheme of things, but in a perfectly coherent way.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUDICIAL DEFINITION OF MATERIALITY

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
LuAnn Bean ◽  
Deborah W. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Court Cases ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

Determining what should be considered a material item has been a problem for both the accounting profession and the courts. By reviewing the court cases involving the issue of materiality, the authors have determined where differences in the materiality standard as applied by the courts exist. The judicial definition of materiality has developed over time, and current trends with important variations are observed. Based upon the authors' analysis, the following judicial definition of materiality, with its possible variations, is suggested: Would the reasonable (or speculative) investor (or layman) consider important (or be influenced by) this information in determining his course of action?

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