The Co-evolution of Culture, Psychology, and Institutions

This chapter empirically investigates the relationships that hold between culture, personality psychology, and institutions. The analysis recognizes that any relationships between these constructs are likely to be bidirectional, and therefore it is inappropriate to assume that one can be regarded as an independent factor that drives the others. The analysis examines those specific relationships between each of the three constructs to capture evidence for the existence of their intertwined nature. In particular, it focuses on how selective migration due to particular psychological traits can be associated not only with the psychological profiles of ‘exporting’ and ‘receiving’ areas but also how these patterns relate to the culture of the receiving areas and how they develop over time.

A Framework for Testing Causality in Personality Research

10.1002/per.2150 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 254-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Giulio Costantini ◽

Marco Perugini

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Model ◽

European Association ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

Causal Explanations ◽

Personality Research ◽

Conceptual Clarity ◽

Candidate Target ◽

Ecological Momentary ◽

Causal explanations in personality require conceptual clarity about alternative causal conditions that could, even in principle, affect personality. These causal conditions crucially depend on the theoretical model of personality, each model constraining the possibility of planning and performing causal research in different ways. We discuss how some prominent models of personality allow for specific types of causal research and impede others. We then discuss causality from a network perspective, which sees personality as a phenomenon that emerges from a network of behaviours and environments over time. From a methodological perspective, we propose a three–step strategy to investigate causality: (1) identify a candidate target for manipulation (e.g. using network analysis), (2) identify and test a manipulation (e.g. using laboratory research), and (3) deliver the manipulation repeatedly for a congruous amount of time (e.g. using ecological momentary interventions) and evaluate its ability to generate trait change. We discuss how a part of these steps was implemented for trait conscientiousness and present a detailed plan for implementing the remaining steps. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

The person as co‐investigator in self‐research: Valuation theory

10.1002/per.2410050304 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 217-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Hubert J. M. Hermans

Keyword(s):

Good Reason ◽

The Self ◽

Valuation Theory ◽

Dynamic Phenomenon ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

Constructivist View ◽

Recent Developments ◽

The Subject ◽

Over Time ◽

Research Show

Recent developments in self‐research show the self to be increasingly conceived as an organized and highly dynamic phenomenon. In combination with the arguments presented in the preceding article, these developments are a good reason for adopting a method in which the psychologist and the subject work together in the study of the self: The self‐confrontation method and the theory on which it is based—valuation theory—are presented as an example of such an approach. This method construes the self as an organized process of valuations, a valuation being any unit of meaning that the person finds of importance in thinking about his or her life. Formulated in the language of the person him‐ or herself; these valuations and how they develop over time are considered in a dialogue between the psychologist and the subject. For the purposes of demonstration, two phenomena that are not easily observedare discussed here: (a) the existence of an imaginal figure not visibly present but functioning as a signifcant other in the person's daily life, and (b) the presence of a character in a recurring dream, which later gets included as an integral part of the self: Finally, the present approach is briefly discussed as representing a constructivist view of personality psychology.

The Interplay of Self–Certainty and Prosocial Development in the Transition from Late Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood

10.1002/per.2084 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 594-607 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Elisabetta Crocetti ◽

Silvia Moscatelli ◽

Jolien Van der Graaff ◽

Monica Rubini ◽

Wim Meeus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emerging Adulthood ◽

Emerging Adults ◽

Rank Order ◽

Well Being ◽

Late Adolescence ◽

Self Concept ◽

Moderating Effects ◽

Reciprocal Effect ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

The transition from late adolescence to emerging adulthood is a period of the life span that offers young people the possibility to consolidate their self–certainty and prosociality. Both aspects are of core importance for increasing personal and societal well–being. The purpose of this longitudinal study was twofold: (i) to examine patterns of change and stability in self–concept clarity and prosociality; and (ii) to unravel over time associations between these constructs in the transition from late adolescence to emerging adulthood. In addressing both aims, we explored the moderating effects of gender. Participants were 244 Dutch emerging adults (46% male; mean age at T1 = 16.73 years) who completed six waves of data collection (mean age at T6 = 22.7 years). Findings highlighted that (i) self–concept clarity developed nonlinearly, with an initial decline from T1 to T2 followed by an increase thereafter, while prosociality increased linearly over time and both self–concept clarity and prosociality were characterized by high rank–order consistency; (ii) self–concept clarity and prosociality were positively related over time, with the effect of prosociality on self–concept clarity being stronger than the reciprocal effect of self–concept clarity on prosociality. Gender differences were detected in mean levels of self–concept clarity and prosociality (male participants reported higher self–concept clarity and lower prosociality than female participants) but not in their developmental pathways nor in their reciprocal associations. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

The Relation between Appraised Mismatch and the Duration of Negative Emotions: Evidence for Universality

10.1002/per.1897 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 481-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Philippe Verduyn ◽

Iven Van Mechelen ◽

Francis Tuerlinckx ◽

Klaus Scherer

Keyword(s):

European Association ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

Negative Emotions ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

Central Aspect ◽

Shame And Guilt ◽

Multi Level ◽

Emotional Episodes ◽

Emotions are processes that unfold over time. As a consequence, a better understanding of emotions can be reached only when their time–related characteristics can be assessed and interpreted adequately. A central aspect in this regard is the duration of emotional experience. Previous studies have shown that an emotional experience can last anywhere from a couple of seconds up to several hours or longer. In this article, we examine to what extent specific appraisals of the eliciting event may account for variability in emotion duration and to what degree appraisal–duration relations are universal or culture specific. Participants in 37 countries were asked to recollect emotional episodes of fear, anger, sadness, disgust, shame and guilt. Subsequently, they were asked to report the duration of these episodes and to answer a number of questions regarding their appraisal of the emotion–eliciting event. Multi–level analyses revealed that negative emotions last especially long when the eliciting event and its consequences are perceived to be incongruent with the individual's goals, values and self–ideal, creating a mismatch. These relations are largely universal, although evidence for some limited variability across countries is found as well. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology

Genetic amplification and the individualization of the parent–child relationship across adolescence

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291712001201 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 413-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. Ludeke ◽

W. Johnson ◽

M. McGue ◽

W. G. Iacono

Keyword(s):

Criminal Behavior ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Freedom Of Expression ◽

Genetic Influence ◽

Self Report ◽

Parent Child Relationship ◽

Psychological Traits ◽

Child Relationship ◽

Over Time ◽

Parent Child

BackgroundMany psychological traits become increasingly influenced by genetic factors throughout development, including several that might intuitively be seen as purely environmental characteristics. One such trait is the parent–child relationship, which is associated with a variety of socially significant outcomes, including mental health and criminal behavior. Genetic factors have been shown to partially underlie some of these associations, but the changing role of genetic influence over time remains poorly understood.MethodOver 1000 participants in a longitudinal twin study were assessed at three points across adolescence with a self-report measure regarding the levels of warmth and conflict in their relationships with their parents. These reports were analyzed with a biometric growth curve model to identify changes in genetic and environmental influences over time.ResultsGenetic influence on the child-reported relationship with parent increased throughout adolescence, while the relationship's quality deteriorated. The increase in genetic influence resulted primarily from a positive association between genetic factors responsible for the initial relationship and those involved in change in the relationship over time. By contrast, environmental factors relating to change were negatively related to those involved in the initial relationship.ConclusionsThe increasing genetic influence seems to be due to early genetic influences having greater freedom of expression over time whereas environmental circumstances were decreasingly important to variance in the parent–child relationship. We infer that the parent–child relationship may become increasingly influenced by the particular characteristics of the child (many of which are genetically influenced), gradually displacing the effects of parental or societal ideas of child rearing.

Personality Psychology

Annual Review of Psychology ◽

10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-114927 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Brent W. Roberts ◽

Hee J. Yoon

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Organizational Structure ◽

Online Publication ◽

Annual Review ◽

Publication Date ◽

Future Directions ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

Units Of Analysis ◽

And Behaviors ◽

Personality psychology, which seeks to study individual differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and place, has experienced a renaissance in the last few decades. It has also not been reviewed as a field in the Annual Review of Psychology since 2001. In this article, we seek to provide an update as well as a meta-organizational structure to the field. In particular, personality psychology has a prescribed set of four responsibilities that it implicitly or explicitly tackles as a field: ( a) describing what personality is—i.e., what the units of analysis in the field are; ( b) documenting how it develops; ( c) explaining the processes of personality and why they affect functioning; and ( d) providing a framework for understanding individuals and explaining their actions, feelings, and motivations. We review progress made over the last 20 years to address these four agendas and conclude by highlighting future directions and ongoing challenges to the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Beyond Representation of Women in I-O to Producing Gender-Inclusive Knowledge

Industrial and Organizational Psychology ◽

10.1017/iop.2018.97 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 448-455

Author(s):

Margaret S. Stockdale ◽

Alice H. Eagly

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Science ◽

Developmental Psychology ◽

American Psychological Association ◽

American Psychological ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

Representation Of Women ◽

Gender Balance ◽

The Status ◽

Over Time ◽

Status Of Women

Gardner, Ryan, and Snoeyink (2018) provided an excellent and much-needed analysis of the status of women in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology. Although others have produced overall assessments of the status of women in psychology (Eagly & Riger, 2014; Kite et al., 2001), these are not sufficient to identify conditions within the subfields of psychology. As shown by statistics on the divisions of the American Psychological Association (http://www.apa.org/about/division/officers/services/profiles.aspx), the subfields differ greatly in their gender balance, with some being male dominated (e.g., experimental and cognitive science), others female dominated (e.g., developmental psychology), and still others representing women and men more equally (e.g., social and personality psychology). I-O psychology is among the more gender-balanced fields, with an increasing proportion of women over time. It would seem that I-O's gradual inclusion of more women should have changed aspects of research and discourse in this field. In this comment, we argue that these women have produced impressive changes.

A Three–Part Framework for Self–Regulated Personality Development across Adulthood

10.1002/per.1945 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 289-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Marie Hennecke ◽

Wiebke Bleidorn ◽

Jaap J. A. Denissen ◽

Dustin Wood

Keyword(s):

European Association ◽

Personality Development ◽

Self Regulation ◽

Personality Change ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

Behavioural Changes ◽

Personality Changes ◽

Study Designs ◽

View Change ◽

Recently, researchers interested in personality development have begun to acknowledge the roles of motivation and self–regulation for why traits change across adulthood. We propose three preconditions under which individuals may change their own levels of a personality trait through self–directed efforts. Firstly, individuals need to desire changing their trait–related behaviours either as an end in itself or in order to achieve other goals. Secondly, they need to consider behavioural changes feasible and be able to implement the desired changes. Thirdly, behavioural changes need to become habitual in order to constitute a stable trait. After elaborating on these three conditions, we review evidence attesting to the importance of motivation and self–regulation for trait development. We conclude with a discussion of the mutual interdependence of traits and goals, as well as the limits of self–regulated personality change. From our framework, we derive why personality changes across adulthood tend to be small to medium only, namely because they may require that all three preconditions for self–regulated personality change are fulfilled. We provide reasons for why people might not view change as desirable, feasible or fail to maintain it over time. Finally, we propose ideas for potential study designs to research self–regulated personality change. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

Publication Trends in Personality and Individual Differences, 1980–2018

10.31234/osf.io/c6qya ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gregory D. Webster ◽

Imani Turner ◽

Joy Ellen Losee ◽

Elizabeth Mahar ◽

Val Wongsomboon

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Dark Triad ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

Time Points ◽

Innovative Methods ◽

Title Word ◽

Trends Over Time ◽

Emerging Topics ◽

An analysis including 679 articles from the journal Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) investigated trends from 1980 to 2018. Time periods were separated into three groups: 1980–1984, 2000, and 2018. First, the number of title words per article was examined, which showed a linear increase over time. Second, the most frequent words per PAID article were investigated over time. The most frequent title words across three time points were, predictably, “personality,” “individual,” and “differences.” Title word frequencies also unveiled trends such as the adoption of the Big Five and Dark Triad traits, and an increasing interest in latent modeling of personality traits. Third, we explored the number of authors per article, which showed a linear increase across the three time points. Lastly, we identified the most-cited articles from 1980 to 2018. Themes from some of the most influential articles included scale development, scale and construct comparisons, review articles, and innovative methods. Although personality psychology has some constant themes over time, these findings suggest that it continues to be an influential and dynamic field open to incorporating emerging topics and evolving trends over time.