Understanding Deviance from Standards

2020 ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
Andrea Fried
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
External Control ◽  
Actual Knowledge ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Empirical Investigations

In this chapter, Andrea Fried discusses the implications of a better understanding of deviance from standards for corporate responsibility in terms of both compliance-related duties for companies and their criminal liability. Five questions related to this are answered in this summarizing chapter: Is voluntary self-regulation of companies a way of ensuring corporate responsibility? What contributes to a manipulation of standards even if a strong external control and sanctioning system is in place? Should legislative authorities only sanction actual knowledge of and engagement in wrongful acts of standard deviation? Should legislation stipulate a criminal liability also for companies? Why should companies allow organizational members to deviate from standards? Answers to these questions relate to the empirical investigations presented in previous chapters of the book and show strong support for a corporate criminal law that should apply when standard deviations lead to health, environmental, or safety risks.

scholarly journals Bioethics, Complementarity, and Corporate Criminal Liability

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 997-1021
Author(s):  
Ryan Long
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Genetic Privacy ◽  
Organ Trafficking ◽  
Corporate Criminal Liability

This article provides a brief introduction to some contemporary challenges found in the intersection of bioethics and international criminal law involving genetic privacy, organ trafficking, genetic engineering, and cloning. These challenges push us to re-evaluate the question of whether the international criminal law should hold corporations criminally liable. I argue that a minimalist and Strawsonian conception of corporate responsibility could be useful for deterring the wrongs outlined in first few sections and in answering compelling objections to corporate criminal liability.

Corporate Culpability as a Limit to the Overcriminalization of Corporate Criminal Liability: The Interplay Between Self-Regulation, Corporate Compliance, and Corporate Citizenship

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Gómez-Jara Díez
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Corporate Citizenship ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Corporate Compliance ◽  
Clear Sign ◽  
The Times ◽  
Corporate Criminal Liability

This paper argues that there is clear sign of the overcriminalization of corporate conduct in America's criminal law and procedure: regardless of the evidence of a law-abiding behavior by a good corporate citizen, the corporation will be considered guilty if a member of its organization commits a crime within the scope of authority and with the intent to benefit the corporation. The paper explains that corporate culpability may function as a limit to this current overcriminalization as it demands in corporate criminal law what is requested in individual criminal law: that despite the agent's action and intent, the principal has not exercised some kind of due diligence. In turn, if evidence of that corporate due diligence is provided, no court should declare that a corporation is guilty. Such an approach is not only consistent with the basic tenets of criminal law, but it also reflects the different rationale for holding corporations criminally liable in modern society (as opposed to the times in which corporate criminal liability was enacted). A recent example of this overcriminalization tendency was provided by the 2nd Circuit's ruling in the case United States v. Ionia Management S.A., which is briefly discussed at the end of the paper.

scholarly journals Corporate Responsibility for Transnational Human Rights Violations under German Criminal Law – Review and Outlook

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-409
Author(s):  
Petra Wittig
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Economic Profit ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
The Usa

Time and again, cases come to light in which companies in unstable regions have participated in crimes, including human rights violations. However, the economic power over these companies is regularly geographically distant, anchored in the stable regions of the world, e.g. in a corporate headquarters located in Europe, the USA, Canada or Australia, where the economic profit ultimately accrues. Starting from this imbalance, the present essay examines the question of the criminal (co-)responsibility of these power holders using the example of the German legal system. It becomes apparent that the concept of criminal law, which is still based almost exclusively on individual responsibility, leads to deficits in the investigation of the most serious economically driven crimes. Despite this need for reform, however, even de lege lata a top management based in Germany can be held (jointly) liable for distant crimes under the concept of "principal’s criminal liability" (“Geschäftsherrenhaftung”).”

scholarly journals Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam Tindak Pidana ‎Pencucian Uang menurut Hukum Islam

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-407
Author(s):  
Renata Amalia
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Article 5 ◽  
Corporate Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Entities

Abstract: This article highlights a corporate responsibility in the crime of money laundering in accordance with Islamic law. Corporate criminal liability set forth in article 6 of Law No. 8 of 2010 which states that in the case of money laundering as defined in Article 3, Article 4 and Article 5 committed by a corporation, crime laid against and/or personnel controlling corporation. Islamic law also recognize the existence of the legal entity or corporation. This is evidenced by the jurists who introduced treasury as the legal agency. It has rights and can take legal action but can not be burdened with responsibility because they do not have the knowledge and choice. So that if a legal agency has committed a crime then a person who should be accountable are administrators or managers of the legal agency. But there are also penalties for legal entities, such as the punishment of dissolution, destruction, eviction and foreclosure.Keywords: Corporate, money laundering, Islamic criminal law. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tentang pertanggungjawaban korporasi dalam tindak pidana pencucian uang menurut hukum Islam. Pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi diatur dalam pasal 6 UU No. 8 tahun 2010 yang menyebutkan bahwa dalam hal tindak pidana pencucian uang sebagaimana dimaksud dalam pasal 3, pasal 4, dan pasal 5 dilakukan oleh korporasi, pidana dijatuhkan terhadap dan/atau personil pengendali korporasi. Hukum Islam juga mengenal adanya badan hukum atau korporasi, hal ini dibuktikan dengan para fuqaha yang mengenalkan baitul mal (perbendaharaan negara) sebagai badan hukum. Badan hukum ini mempunyai hak dan dapat melakukan tindakan hukum tetapi tidak dapat dibebani pertanggungjawaban karena tidak memiliki pengetahuan dan pilihan. Sehingga apabila badan hukum melakukan suatu tindak pidana maka yang dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban adalah pengurus atau pengelola badan hukum tersebut, tetapi ada pula hukuman bagi badan hukum, seperti hukuman pembubaran, penghancuran, penggusuran dan penyitaan.Kata Kunci: Korporasi, pencucian uang, hukum pidana Islam

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KORPORASI PADA TINDAK PIDANA PERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DI INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1717
Author(s):  
Ni Kadek Eny Wulandari Putri ◽  
Kadek Agus Sudiarawan
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Environmental Destruction ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
The Government ◽  
Administrative Sanctions ◽  
Corporate Criminal Liability

Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian hukum ini adalah untuk mengetahui korporasi ketika menjadi subyek hukum pidana dalam Undang- Undang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup serta untuk mengetahui pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi terhadap perusakan lingkungan hidup yang disebabkan oleh pembuangan limbah produksi ke sungai. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan jurnal ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang- undangan. Penulisan jurnal ini menggunakan dengan cara mengkaji dari bahan hukum primer yakni peruu serta bahan hukum sekunder yaitu doktrin atau teori yang didapatkan dari literatur hukum dan penelitian ilmiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karakteristik korporasi sebagai subyek hukum pidana adalah di dirikan oleh perorangan, memiliki kekayaan sendiri terpisah dengan kekayaan yang mendirikan maupun pengurusnya, memiliki hak dan kewajiban disamping hak dan kewajiban pendiri dan pengurusnya. Bentuk dari pertanggungjawaban korporasi jika terbukti melanggar izin lingkungan dengan membuang limbah ke sungai akan dikenakan sanksi berupa sanksi administratif paksaan pemerintah, dibekukannya izin lingkungan atau dicabutnya izin lingkungan sesuai pasal 76 Undang- Undang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. The objective to be achieved in this legal research is to identify corporations when they become criminal law subject in Environmental Preservation and Management Constitution as well as to know corporate criminal liability for environmental destruction caused by disposal of production waste into rivers.  The method used in writing this journal is a normative legal research method using a statutory approach. The writing of this journal uses primary legal materials, namely peruu and secondary legal materials, namely doctrines or theories obtained from legal literature and scientific research. The results show that the characteristics of a corporation as a subject of criminal law are that it is established by individuals, has its own separate assets from the assets of the founder and management, has rights and obligations in addition to the rights and obligations of its founders and managers. The form of corporate responsibility if proven to have violated environmental permits by dumping waste into the river will be subject to sanctions in the form of administrative sanctions imposed by the government, freezing of environmental permits or revocation of environmental permits in accordance with Article 76 Environmental Preservation and Management Constitution.

scholarly journals Institute of Criminal Liability of the Legal Entities as a New Stage of Development of the Criminal Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Виталий Квашис ◽  
Vitaliy Kvashis ◽  
Юлия Случевская ◽  
Yuliya Sluchevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Legal Entities

The prerequisites for the formation of the Institute of criminal liability of legal entities are under consideration of present article. The author has assessed the current conditions which can affect this institute and has examined the role of this institution in common and civil systems of law. Preconditions of formation of this Institute of the criminal liability of legal entities can be as external, which consists of combining factors of formation of qualitatively new social relations, as internal, due to existing provisions of the Russian legislation. The first group of prerequisites is related to the development of social consciousness, complication of technological processes and economic relations, the processes of globalization. The second group includes the obligations caused by the state participation in international agreements, the norms of existing national legislation, defining characteristics of a legal entity, and existing elements of criminal-legal influence concerning legal entities in the criminal law. The author has noted that the existing provisions of the Russian legislation are not an obstacle to the introduction of this institute and concluded that further development of the Institute of criminal liability of legal entities in the domestic legislation related to the scientific rationale of its relationships to existing elements of the national legal system. In this context the presence of a social conditions is essential, such conditions can help to effective functioning of the mechanisms of self-regulation and control of legal entities.

scholarly journals Theoretical and Conceptual Reflection Regarding Corporate Criminal Responsibilities Influencing the Formulation of Laws

Lentera Hukum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Fitriani Rahmadia
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
Corporate Crime ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Corporate Criminal Liability

In Indonesia, the development of the corporation as the subject to criminal acts takes place outside the Criminal Code, regulated in special legislation. While the Criminal Code itself still adheres to the subject of criminal acts in the form of people, the corporation (juridical person) appears as a subject that can commit a crime and should also be accountable in criminal law. However, this condition has not been realized concretely in our Criminal Code. The formulation policy regarding corporate criminal liability for victims of corporate crime that exists or is currently in force has not been able to realize the corporate criminal liability. Although there are sanctions that can be imposed on corporations, most of these provisions only protect potential victims and are not responsible for actual or real victims. In other words, the current formulation policy has not been able to ensnare and impose criminal sanctions on corporations who commit crimes, especially criminal sanctions which are oriented to the fulfillment or restoration of victims' rights in the form of compensation payments after the crime. This paper will discuss the position and the responsibility of the corporation as a subject of criminal law in Indonesia and analyze policy formulation of the Criminal Code and the draft of the Criminal Code that related to corporate responsibility as a legal subject. Keywords: Corporate Criminal Responsibilities, Criminal Law, Corporate Responsibility.

MAIN SPECIFICATIONS OF ASSESSING ACTIVITIES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE OF IN MODERN CRIMINAL LAW

Law and World ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-95
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Detailed Review

The research includes the full and the detailed overview of assessing activities of minor importance in Georgian Criminal Law. The Article 7 of the Criminal Code of Georgia states the following: a crime shall not be an action that, although formally containing the signs of a crime, has not produced, for minor importance, the prejudice that would require criminal liability of its perpetrator, or has not created the risk of such harm. The research includes the main criteria of defining activities as activities of minor importance. The detailed review of Georgian case law is also introduced, as well as, legislation, judicial literature and experience of the other European countries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document