Discrimination and Subordination

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-146
Author(s):  
Sophia Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Indirect Discrimination ◽  
Salient Features

This chapter develops an original account of what unjust subordination consists in. It then uses this account to argue that both direct and indirect discrimination are often wrongful because of their contribution to unjust subordination. The chapter begins by arguing that we need to move away from individualistic conceptions of subordination and to consider subordination as something that happens to a person by virtue of her membership in social groups. It then lays out a set of four common and morally salient features of situations in which one social group is subordinated by others, and it uses these to help analyze cases of discrimination. In particular, the chapter calls attention to the role of “structural accommodations.” These are policies, practices, and physical structures that tacitly accommodate a more privileged group’s needs at the expense of subordinated groups. Structural accommodations help us understand how indirect discrimination, too, can be wrongfully subordinating.

Unfair Subordination

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-76
Author(s):  
Sophia Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Direct Discrimination ◽  
Indirect Discrimination ◽  
Social Subordination

Chapter Two, “Unfair Subordination,” develops a theory of unfair subordination and then uses this theory to help explain why discrimination wrongs people. The author explains why, in this context, it is important to think of subordination as “social subordination”—that is, as something that happens to a person by virtue of her membership in a certain social group. The author argues that social subordination involves not only differences in the power, authority, and deference given to particular social groups, but also, crucially, the presence of what the author calls “structural accommodations.” These are practices that normalize the needs of the superior groups and render invisible the needs of inferior groups. The author then uses this account of subordination to explain a variety of ways in which direct and indirect discrimination contribute to unfair subordination. Both forms of discrimination perpetuate differences in power, authority, and deference. Direct discrimination also subordinates by marking out certain people or groups as inferior, constituting an expression of censure. And indirect discrimination contributes to unfair subordination when it leaves in place problematic structural accommodations, rendering certain groups invisible, and thereby marking them out as inferior, in certain contexts.

scholarly journals THE FORMATION OF COLLECTIVE SUBJECTS’ SMALL SOCIAL GROUPS IN THE INFORMATION AGE (PROBLEM OF IDENTITY)social groups in the information age (problem of identity)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (44) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Vadym Ivanovich Palahuta ◽  
Stanislav S. Beskaravainyi
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Equilibrium Structure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Emotional Identification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Gain Access

The article takes a new look at the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technology on society, which leads to the formation of fundamentally new social groups. The greatest diversity and freedom of development will be allocated to small social groups that directly interact with AI. The model of the new social group should answer the following questions: what opportunities does AI offer? What role can AI play in a small social group? How will people identify with a similar group? The description of the structure of small social groups was used, the multisubject role of the organizer and intermediary of the AI was determined. The concept of «situational community» was used to reveal the equilibrium structure of such groups, where either individual or group identity dominates. In some situations, the AI will be able to replace the person who has left the group as a leader, or to ensure strict observance of the settings that are unchanged for the group, or to play the role of an implicit collective organizer, which, in order to preserve the integrity of the group, transforms its goals and objectives. Small social groups, thanks to AI, will gain access to professional skills and tools for organizing labor that previously had larger social structures. An increase in subjectivity can lead to significant transformations and a change in the role of these social groups. A threat has been identified: the individual may not be able to independently abandon his behavioral-cognitive and emotional identification with the group.

Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Brambilla ◽  
David A. Butz
Keyword(s):  
Gay Men ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Intergroup Threat ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
General Climate

Two studies examined the impact of macrolevel symbolic threat on intergroup attitudes. In Study 1 (N = 71), participants exposed to a macrosymbolic threat (vs. nonsymbolic threat and neutral topic) reported less support toward social policies concerning gay men, an outgroup whose stereotypes implies a threat to values, but not toward welfare recipients, a social group whose stereotypes do not imply a threat to values. Study 2 (N = 78) showed that, whereas macrolevel symbolic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward gay men, macroeconomic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward Asians, an outgroup whose stereotypes imply an economic threat. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the role of a general climate of threat in shaping intergroup attitudes.

scholarly journals Debt and Sacrifice: The Role of Scapegoats in the Economic Crises

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Luis Enrique Alonso ◽  
Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Personal Bankruptcy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
Standards Of Living

Despite the process of secularization and modernization, in contemporary societies, the role of sacrifice is still relevant. One of the spaces where sacrifice actually performs a critical role is the realm of modern economy, particularly in the event of a financial crisis. Such crises represent situations defined by an outrageous symbolic violence in which social and economic relations experience drastic transformations, and their victims end up suffering personal bankruptcy, indebtedness, lower standards of living or poverty. Crises show the flagrant domination present in social relations: this is proven in the way crises evolve, when more and more social groups marred by a growing vulnerability are sacrificed to appease financial markets. Inspired by the theoretical framework of the French anthropologist René Girard, our intention is to explore how the hegemonic narrative about the crisis has been developed, highlighting its sacrificial aspects.

scholarly journals Secondary Forests and Agrarian Transitions: Insights from Nepal and Peru

Human Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Pain ◽  
Kristina Marquardt ◽  
Dil Khatri
Keyword(s):  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Agrarian Change ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Land Access ◽  
San Martín

AbstractWe provide an analytical contrast of the dynamics of secondary forest regeneration in Nepal and Peru framed by a set of common themes: land access, boundaries, territories, and rights, seemingly more secure in Nepal than Peru; processes of agrarian change and their consequences for forest-agriculture interactions and the role of secondary forest in the landscape, more marked in Peru, where San Martín is experiencing apparent agricultural intensification, than in Nepal; and finally processes of social differentiation that have consequences for different social groups, livelihood construction and their engagement with trees, common to both countries. These themes address the broader issue of the necessary conditions for secondary forest regeneration and the extent to which the rights and livelihood benefits of those actively managing it are secured.

Towards a computational theory of social groups: A finite set of cognitive primitives for representing any and all social groups in the context of conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-62
Author(s):  
David Pietraszewski
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Representation ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
Mistaken Belief ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract We don't yet have adequate theories of what the human mind is representing when it represents a social group. Worse still, many people think we do. This mistaken belief is a consequence of the state of play: Until now, researchers have relied on their own intuitions to link up the concept social group on the one hand, and the results of particular studies or models on the other. While necessary, this reliance on intuition has been purchased at considerable cost. When looked at soberly, existing theories of social groups are either (i) literal, but not remotely adequate (such as models built atop economic games), or (ii) simply metaphorical (typically a subsumption or containment metaphor). Intuition is filling in the gaps of an explicit theory. This paper presents a computational theory of what, literally, a group representation is in the context of conflict: it is the assignment of agents to specific roles within a small number of triadic interaction types. This “mental definition” of a group paves the way for a computational theory of social groups—in that it provides a theory of what exactly the information-processing problem of representing and reasoning about a group is. For psychologists, this paper offers a different way to conceptualize and study groups, and suggests that a non-tautological definition of a social group is possible. For cognitive scientists, this paper provides a computational benchmark against which natural and artificial intelligences can be held.

The will to give: charitable bequests, inter vivos gifts and community building in the Dutch Republic, c. 1600–1800

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELISE VAN NEDERVEEN MEERKERK
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
The Will ◽  
Charitable Bequests

ABSTRACTThis article explores the role of different social groups in early modern Dutch towns in organising and financing poor relief. Examining both the income structure of Dutch urban poor relief organisations and voluntary donations and bequests by citizens reveals what motivations lay behind their involvement, and how and why these changed over time. In the seventeenth century, ‘middle groups’ donated more often and higher mean amounts, reflecting their efforts to contribute to urban community building. In the eighteenth century, the elite became relatively more involved in charitable giving. Also, the urge to give to one's own religious group seems to have increased in this period.

scholarly journals The role of local primary healthcare units in increasing immunization uptake among children in vulnerable social groups through vaccination campaigns

2021 ◽  
pp. 100185
Author(s):  
Ourania Pinaka ◽  
Irini Spanou ◽  
Vassiliki Papadouli ◽  
Eustathia Papanikolaou ◽  
Fotios Gioulekas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Anniversaries of the Great Victory: Traditions and Innovations in Celebration and the Dynamics of Public Consciousness

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-55
Author(s):  
Татьяна Николаевна Золотова
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
Official Sources ◽  
Great Victory

В статье рассматриваются советские и постсоветские традиции празднования Дня Победы, анализируется его роль в современном социокультурном пространстве России. Источниками для работы послужили материалы по Омскому региону - результаты опросов и личных наблюдений автора, данные средств массовой информации и официальных источников. Делается вывод о центральном месте Дня Победы в современном праздничном календаре и его важной роли в объединении российской нации на основе мемориализации общего исторического прошлого. Автор объясняет значимость праздника для населения страны сохранением традиционных ценностей и смыслов, а региональные особенности празднования и процессов коммеморации - различными факторами исторического, экономического, политического, социокультурного порядка. Празднование 70-летнего и 75-летнего юбилеев Победы отразило позитивное изменение общественного сознания в постсоветской России, что проявилось в увеличении интереса к историческому наследию, усилении чувства благодарности ветеранам и гордости за их подвиг, осознании причастности каждого к историческим событиям славного прошлого страны. День Победы, выполняя главные функции праздника, поддерживает преемственность традиций, объединяет различные социальные группы, воспитывает уважение к историко-культурному наследию и патриотизм. This article examines the Soviet and post-Soviet tradition of Victory Day celebrations and analyzes their role in modern Russian socio-cultural space. It is based on materials from the Omsk Region, including the results of surveys, data from the mass media and official sources, as well as the author’s personal observations. The author describes the central place of Victory Day in the modern holiday calendar and its important role in uniting the Russian nation by memorializing a common historical past. The author considers the role of the holiday in preserving traditional values and meanings, and describes the regional features of the celebration and the processes of commemoration as shaped by various historical, economic, political, and socio-cultural factors. The celebration of the 70 th and 75 th post-Soviet anniversaries of the victory reflected a positive change in public consciousness that was manifested in greater interest in the historical heritage, an increased sense of gratitude toward veterans and pride in their accomplishment, and an awareness of everyone’s involvement in the historical events of the country’s glorious past. Victory Day, performing the main functions of a holiday, supports the continuity of tradition, unites various social groups, and promotes patriotism and respect for the historical and cultural heritage

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