The Kill Chain (II)

2020 ◽  
pp. 243-280
Author(s):  
Craig Jones
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Fast Moving ◽  
Legal Advice ◽  
Mobile Targets ◽  
Self Defence

This chapter is the second of two chapters that analyse the role of military lawyers in the contemporary US kill chain. It focuses on dynamic (unplanned) targeting and shows how its ontology of violence necessitates rapid forms of decision making that affects both the possibility of legal advice and its content. An examination of close air support (CAS) and troops in contact (TIC) targeting operations reveals the rapid legal and operational interpretations that military actors form as they attempt to make sense of highly mobile targets and fast-moving events. These involve issues of self-defence, imminence of threats, and proportionality. It is argued that dynamic and time-sensitive targeting create their own unique military ‘necessities’ and governing legalities. The chapter shows that the latitude given to interpretational work has real-world consequences for both troops on the ground and civilians: dynamic targeting accounts for a high proportion of fratricides and civilian casualties.

The Chilcot Report

2019 ◽  
pp. 273-288
Author(s):  
Stephen Bouwhuis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Legal Advice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
General Relevance ◽  
The Government

The inquiry by the United Kingdom into its decision to intervene in Iraq is one of the longest running and most comprehensive examinations of government decision-making. In particular, the inquiry examined in detail the processes by which legal advice was provided to and formed a part of the decision by the Government of the United Kingdom to intervene in Iraq. Through this lens, the current chapter examines what the inquiry illustrates about the general relevance of international law to the decision to intervene in Iraq and more broadly what illustrates about the role of international law in decision-making more generally. In particular, the chapter pertains to the practical and ethical aspects providing international legal advice to government as well as the nature of government legal practice more generally.

Challenge or Confi rmation? The Role of the Swedish Parliament in the Decision-making on the Use of Force

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Österdahl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Strong Position ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Self Defence

AbstractThe Swedish parliament has a strong position in the decision-making on the international use of force. Still, its role is affected by the rapid internationalization of the Swedish defence. More and quicker decisions have to be taken on Swedish contributions to international peace operations. The origin of the decisions of the Swedish parliament, moreover, can be traced to international decision-making bodies on which the Swedish parliament and sometimes even the Swedish government have no influence at all. Parliament is conscious of its important role and looks after its interests in the domestic decision-making context. Sometimes it challenges the government on specific issues relating to the operations, but in the end parliament always tend to agree and unanimously as well. This article studies the involvement of the Swedish parliament in the decision-making on the contribution of armed troops to international peace operations since the end of the Cold War. The article gives particular attention to the use – or not – of the law delegating the decision-making power over troop contributions entirely to the government. The issue of self-defence against armed attacks on the Realm is also taken up and the potential impact of an expanded notion of self-defence on the decision-making role of parliament. Concerns of democratic accountability form the background to the reasoning in its entirety.

Ranking of Z-Numbers and Its Application in Decision Making

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 1503-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Aliev ◽  
O. H. Huseynov ◽  
R. Serdaroglu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Real World Application ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Main Ideas

Real-world decision problems in decision analysis, system analysis, economics, ecology, and other fields are characterized by fuzziness and partial reliability of relevant information. In order to deal with such information, Prof. Zadeh suggested the concept of a Z-number as an ordered pair [Formula: see text] of fuzzy numbers [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the first of which is a linguistic value of a variable of interest, and the second one is a linguistic value of probability measure of the first one, playing a role of reliability of information. Decision making under Z-number based information requires ranking of Z-numbers. In this paper we suggest a human-like fundamental approach for ranking of Z-numbers which is based on two main ideas. One idea is to compute optimality degrees of Z-numbers and the other one is to adjust the obtained degrees by using a human being’s opinion formalized by a degree of pessimism. Two examples and a real-world application are provided to show validity of the suggested research. A comparison of the proposed approach with the existing methods is conducted.

Perception, Decision Making, and Skill in Relation to a Boating Operator's Performance

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
C. Christian Stiehl ◽  
James M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Present State ◽  
Real World ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Field Investigations

Basic human characteristics are applied to understanding the design and operation of boats. In particular, the processes of perception, skill, judgment and decision making are analyzed in the boating environment. Emphasis is given to (1) errors and hazards that are likely to result in the boating environment (both stressor-induced and others), and (2) areas where research is needed to determine the role of these human factors in boating. From our present state of knowledge, we can conclude that the human operator needs to be studied to determine the minimum safe levels of performance in each of these areas in the boating task. The proposed methodology involves field investigations with accident victims and constructing real-world test courses to gain data. Quantitative determinations of the safe levels of performance could allow the establishment of the necessary educational or regulatory procedures to assure these performance levels.

Base-rate respect meets affect neglect

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-286
Author(s):  
Paul Whitney ◽  
John M. Hinson ◽  
Allison L. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Affective Influences

AbstractWhile improving the theoretical account of base-rate neglect, Barbey & Sloman's (B&S's) target article suffers from affect neglect by failing to consider the fundamental role of emotional processes in “real world” decisions. We illustrate how affective influences are fundamental to decision making, and discuss how the dual process model can be a useful framework for understanding hot and cold cognition in reasoning.

Multiobjective Optimization

AI Magazine ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Ehrgott
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Combinatorial Optimization ◽  
Multiobjective Optimization ◽  
Real World ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Multiple Objectives ◽  
Combinatorial Optimization Problems ◽  
Multiobjective Optimization Problems ◽  
Single Objective

Using some real world examples I illustrate the important role of multiobjective optimization in decision making and its interface with preference handling. I explain what optimization in the presence of multiple objectives means and discuss some of the most common methods of solving multiobjective optimization problems using transformations to single objective optimisation problems. Finally, I address linear and combinatorial optimization problems with multiple objectives and summarize techniques for solving them. Throughout the article, I refer to the real world examples introduced at the beginning.

scholarly journals Hormonal mechanisms of cooperative behaviour

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1553) ◽  
pp. 2737-2750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta C. Soares ◽  
Redouan Bshary ◽  
Leonida Fusani ◽  
Wolfgang Goymann ◽  
Michaela Hau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Considerable Body ◽  
Different Levels

Research on the diversity, evolution and stability of cooperative behaviour has generated a considerable body of work. As concepts simplify the real world, theoretical solutions are typically also simple. Real behaviour, in contrast, is often much more diverse. Such diversity, which is increasingly acknowledged to help in stabilizing cooperative outcomes, warrants detailed research about the proximate mechanisms underlying decision-making. Our aim here is to focus on the potential role of neuroendocrine mechanisms on the regulation of the expression of cooperative behaviour in vertebrates. We first provide a brief introduction into the neuroendocrine basis of social behaviour. We then evaluate how hormones may influence known cognitive modules that are involved in decision-making processes that may lead to cooperative behaviour. Based on this evaluation, we will discuss specific examples of how hormones may contribute to the variability of cooperative behaviour at three different levels: (i) within an individual; (ii) between individuals and (iii) between species. We hope that these ideas spur increased research on the behavioural endocrinology of cooperation.

scholarly journals The role of decision-making in learning spatial layout: A real-world application

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 933-933
Author(s):  
E. Twedt ◽  
T. Banton ◽  
E. B. Gross ◽  
J. R. Zadra ◽  
D. Proffitt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Spatial Layout ◽  
Real World Application

Musical Goals, Graphical Lure and Narrative Drive: VisualAudio in Games

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-246
Author(s):  
Julio d’Escriván ◽  
Nick Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Real World ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Musical Skills ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Musical computer games and their reward structures are transforming solitary and participative music making. Visuals in musical games tend to assume the role of music in video games as they become incidental to the gameplay or provide graphical aid for musical decision making. Constrained manifestations of musical skill in game software simulations point towards the development of real world musical skills. Yet, arguably, no video game so far developed requires the kind of sophisticated expression that a musician hones by training. The time-scale for mastery is an order of magnitude greater in traditional musical instruments and teaching, but we may be at the dawn of a new audiovisual musical learning paradigm.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document