Perception, Decision Making, and Skill in Relation to a Boating Operator's Performance

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
C. Christian Stiehl ◽  
James M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Present State ◽  
Real World ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Field Investigations

Basic human characteristics are applied to understanding the design and operation of boats. In particular, the processes of perception, skill, judgment and decision making are analyzed in the boating environment. Emphasis is given to (1) errors and hazards that are likely to result in the boating environment (both stressor-induced and others), and (2) areas where research is needed to determine the role of these human factors in boating. From our present state of knowledge, we can conclude that the human operator needs to be studied to determine the minimum safe levels of performance in each of these areas in the boating task. The proposed methodology involves field investigations with accident victims and constructing real-world test courses to gain data. Quantitative determinations of the safe levels of performance could allow the establishment of the necessary educational or regulatory procedures to assure these performance levels.

Why Won’t You Listen to Me? Measuring Receptiveness to Opposing Views

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 3069-3094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A. Minson ◽  
Frances S. Chen ◽  
Catherine H. Tinsley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Opposing Party ◽  
Report Measure

We develop an 18-item self-report measure of receptiveness to opposing views. Studies 1a and 1b present the four-factor scale and report measures of internal, convergent, and discriminant validity. In study 2, more receptive individuals chose to consume proportionally more information from U.S. senators representing the opposing party than from their own party. In study 3, more receptive individuals reported less mind wandering when viewing a speech with which they disagreed, relative to one with which they agreed. In study 4, more receptive individuals evaluated supporting and opposing policy arguments more impartially. In study 5, we find that voters who opposed Donald Trump but reported being more receptive at the time of the election were more likely to watch the inauguration, evaluate the content of the inauguration speech in a more even-handed manner, and select a more balanced portfolio of news outlets for later consumption than their less receptive counterparts. We discuss the scale as a tool to investigate the role of receptiveness for conflict, decision making, and collaboration. This paper was accepted by Elke Weber, judgment and decision making.

Ranking of Z-Numbers and Its Application in Decision Making

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 1503-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Aliev ◽  
O. H. Huseynov ◽  
R. Serdaroglu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Real World Application ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Main Ideas

Real-world decision problems in decision analysis, system analysis, economics, ecology, and other fields are characterized by fuzziness and partial reliability of relevant information. In order to deal with such information, Prof. Zadeh suggested the concept of a Z-number as an ordered pair [Formula: see text] of fuzzy numbers [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the first of which is a linguistic value of a variable of interest, and the second one is a linguistic value of probability measure of the first one, playing a role of reliability of information. Decision making under Z-number based information requires ranking of Z-numbers. In this paper we suggest a human-like fundamental approach for ranking of Z-numbers which is based on two main ideas. One idea is to compute optimality degrees of Z-numbers and the other one is to adjust the obtained degrees by using a human being’s opinion formalized by a degree of pessimism. Two examples and a real-world application are provided to show validity of the suggested research. A comparison of the proposed approach with the existing methods is conducted.

scholarly journals Role of human factors in pediatric cardiac surgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 2016 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aklaque Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Pediatric Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Intended Action ◽  
Healthcare Improvement ◽  
Attention Memory

According to the Institute of Healthcare Improvement, “human factors” refers to the discipline of engineering that details the interface of people, equipment and the environment in which they work. Issues that impact human performance and increase the risk of error include factors that directly enable decision making, such as perception, attention, memory, reasoning, judgement and factors that directly enable decision execution, such as communication and the ability to carry out the intended action. 

scholarly journals Fear from Afar, Not So Risky After All: Distancing Moderates the Relationship Between Fear and Risk Taking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewend Mayiwar ◽  
Fredrik Björklund
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Relationship

A growing line of research has shown that individuals can regulate emotional biases in risky judgment and decision-making processes through cognitive reappraisal. In the present study, we focus on a specific tactic of reappraisal known as distancing. Drawing on appraisal theories of emotion and the emotion regulation literature, we examine how distancing moderates the relationship between fear and risk taking and anger and risk taking. In three pre-registered studies (Ntotal = 1,483), participants completed various risky judgment and decision-making tasks. Replicating previous results, Study 1 revealed a negative relationship between fear and risk taking and a positive relationship between anger and risk taking at low levels of distancing. Study 2 replicated the interaction between fear and distancing but found no interaction between anger and distancing. Interestingly, at high levels of distancing, we observed a reversal of the relationship between fear and risk taking in both Study 1 and 2. Study 3 manipulated emotion and distancing by asking participants to reflect on current fear-related and anger-related stressors from an immersed or distanced perspective. Study 3 found no main effect of emotion nor any evidence of a moderating role of distancing. However, exploratory analysis revealed a main effect of distancing on optimistic risk estimation, which was mediated by a reduction in self-reported fear. Overall, the findings suggest that distancing can help regulate the influence of incidental fear on risk taking and risk estimation. We discuss implications and suggestions for future research.

Human Factors in the Development of Trend Detection and Tracking Techniques

2006 ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
Chaomei Chen ◽  
Kaushal Toprani ◽  
Natasha Lobo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Text Document ◽  
Working Environments ◽  
Detection And Tracking ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness

Trend detection has been studied by researchers in many fields, such as statistics, economy, finance, information science, and computer science (Basseville & Nikiforov, 1993; Chen, 2004; Del Negro, 2001). Trend detection studies can be divided into two broad categories. At technical levels, the focus is on detecting and tracking emerging trends based on dedicated algorithms; at decision making and management levels, the focus is on the process in which algorithmically identified temporal patterns can be translated into elements of a decision making process. Much of the work is concentrated in the first category, primarily focusing on the efficiency and effectiveness from an algorithmic perspective. In contrast, relatively fewer studies in the literature have addressed the role of human perceptual and cognitive system in interpreting and utilizing algorithmically detected trends and changes in their own working environments. In particular, human factors have not been adequately taken into account; trend detection and tracking, especially in text document processing and more recent emerging application areas, has not been studied as integral part of decision-making and related activities. However, rapidly growing technology, and research in the field of human-computer interaction has opened vast and, certainly, thought-provoking possibilities for incorporating usability and heuristic design into the areas of trend detection and tracking.

scholarly journals Developing a Methodology for Assessing Safety Programs Targeting Human Error in Aviation

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Shappell ◽  
Douglas Wiegmann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Safety Interventions ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Safety Recommendations ◽  
Safety Programs

There is a need to develop an effective methodology for generating and evaluating interventions for reducing accidents due to human error. In this study, the Human Factors Intervention Matrix (HFIX) was used to evaluate current/proposed FAA safety programs to determine (1) the types of interventions typically proposed by this organization and (2) the types of human error these safety interventions target. Over 600 FAA safety recommendations were examined and categorized using the HFIX methodology. Results suggest that FAA safety programs primarily employ organizational/administrative, technological/engineering and human/operator-based interventions. Few approaches focus on either task or environmental changes. There is also a bias toward interventions aimed at pilot decision-making, rather than other common problems in aviation such as skill-based errors or violations. Further research is needed to develop HFIX as a tool for generating, rather than just evaluating, safety programs.

Deliberation Versus Intuition: Decomposing the Role of Expertise in Judgment and Decision Making

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen A. Dijkstra ◽  
Joop van der Pligt ◽  
Gerben A. van Kleef
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making

What are Video “Colorists” and How do we Human Factor them?

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 941-944
Author(s):  
Tyler Slake
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Pilot Testing ◽  
Work In Progress ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Film ◽  
Future Plans

This paper summarizes some of the work-in-progress in evaluating the role of the human operator in a novel system for colorizing black and white film. The findings of a series of initial structured observations and pilot testing are reported, followed by a series of sample human factors problems and possible solution approaches identified. Future plans for expanded efforts to study the new task of “coloring” are described.

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