Basic Building Blocks and Techniques

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-77
Author(s):  
José Capmany ◽  
Daniel Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Mode Conversion ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Matrix Transformations ◽  
Linear Optics ◽  
Power Coupling ◽  
Elementary Constituent ◽  
Spatial Regularity ◽  
Hardware Architectures ◽  
Very High

Programmable integrated photonics (PIP) relies on designing suitable basic building blocks (BBBs) able to carry elementary signal processing operations and interconnection hardware architectures that offer very high spatial regularity. The most popular BBBs proposed so far are based on elementary 2×2 tunable photonics coupling components capable of providing independent setting of the power coupling ratio. Additionally, they are based on the phase shift experienced by the incoming signals from two input waveguides in their transition to the two output waveguide ports of the device. This chapter deals primarily with these components. First, it considers the basic matrix methods required to describe their operation, either standalone or in combination with others to form more complex structures. Next, it describes the main technology approaches for the implementation of BBBs, including 3dB Mach–Zehnder tunable couplers, directional couplers, and beamsplitters, followed by how these BBBs are employed to build up a tunable basic unit (TBU), which is the elementary constituent of waveguide mesh circuits. It concludes by describing the devices and techniques relevant in multiport devices, and discusses the equivalence between mode conversion and linear optics matrix transformations and the universal linear combiner.

scholarly journals Systematic design of microscope objectives. Part III: miscellaneous design principles and system synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-402
Author(s):  
Yueqian Zhang ◽  
Herbert Gross
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Correction Function ◽  
High Magnification ◽  
Systematic Design ◽  
Diffractive Optical Elements ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Very High ◽  
New System

Abstract In this paper, the lens modules used in the Zones 1–4 microscope objectives, which have been summarised in Part II, are utilised to create new structures. Both the modification of available systems and the synthesis of new system structures from basic building blocks are introduced. Moreover, design principles used under four special cases are introduced in this paper, including very-low-magnification Zone 5 objectives, very-high-magnification Zone 6 objectives, objectives with correction function (CORR) and objectives with diffractive optical elements, which were not systematically discussed in Part II. All the definitions and terms are based on the preceding papers.

scholarly journals Very High Throughput Many-Persons-To-1-Test-Kit Infectious Disease Screening

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiok Nam Tay
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Moderate Number ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Diagnostic Technologies ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Very High

Abstract The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic presses huge demand for testing capacity. We posted a new idea--multiplier grid (MG)--online in mid-March 2020 and circulated a writeup by email shortly after to address this issue. It enables use of a moderate number of test kits to screen a large number of individuals to look for a small number of infected individuals. Now, we describe a protocol to implement the MG based on existing diagnostic technologies and existing automated lab equipment. Using industry standard 96-well plate (reserving first 2 wells for positive/negative controls), screening 94*94 = 8,836 individuals needs only 2*96 = 192 sets of test kits, with multiplier being 46. If a test costs $250/kit, with MG per person cost goes down to about $5. The very low cost makes periodic blanket screening (e.g. twice weekly) post-lockdown feasible, without putting pressure on reagent supply and equipment time. Going further, pooling samples from individuals that share the same basic unit of the population beforehand boosts the multiplier further to 46*4 = 184 for average household size of 4, and the number of individuals screened to 94*94*4 = 34,344, using only 2*96 + 4 = 196 sets of test kits. the MG can also be used in livestock farming to detect infection early to avoid mass culling.

Wave mode conversion and mode transition in very high radio frequency helicon plasma

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 073505 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Eom ◽  
Junghee Kim ◽  
W. Choe
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Mode Conversion ◽  
Wave Mode ◽  
Mode Transition ◽  
Helicon Plasma ◽  
Very High

Integrated Multi-port Interferometers

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-140
Author(s):  
José Capmany ◽  
Daniel Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Matrix Transformations ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Linear Optics ◽  
Linear Transformations ◽  
Unitary Transformations ◽  
N Input ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Integrated multi-port interferometers are the second step in programmable photonics. Initially conceived and designed to implement fixed linear optics unitary transformations between N input and N output ports to support mode transformations in quantum optics, the rapid development of this field and the possibility of applying these structures to other areas stimulated development of devices capable of supporting arbitrary linear transformations by suitable programming and surpassing use in square matrix transformations and unitary operators. This chapter reviews some basic concepts on unitary N×N matrices and then describes in detail the basic design principles and integrated optics implementations of triangular and rectangular designs for multi-port interferometers. It then considers more specific interferometer designs, which do not provide possible implementation of general linear transformations but are optimised for performing important operations, e.g. the Fourier transform. Lastly, it covers the linear universal component, which integrates both universal beam couplers and integrated multi-port interferometers.

scholarly journals A Video Based Intervention to Support Children’s Social, Emotional and Mental Health

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Zoe Stephens ◽  
Charlotte Marie Jackson ◽  
Will Cross
Keyword(s):  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties ◽  
Children’S Behaviour ◽  
Very High

The intention of Reflect as an innovative intervention was to enhance and highlight the building blocks of Five to Thrive (Kate Cairns Associates 2012: Respond, Cuddle, Relax, Play and Talk) and help pre-school setting practitioners see how applying more of these principles could support positive change in a child’s behaviour. The report provides background, research and theory behind the approach and intervention, and explains why it was chosen in this situation. It gives a description of how it is delivered in practice, so that it can be reproduced.Key findings suggest progress in 2 main areas; 1) children’s behaviour, emotional literacy and self-regulation and 2) change in the practitioners’ approach to managing behaviour, their perception and attitude towards the children. Results from ratings by parents and pre-school staff using a standardised measure of behaviour (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), showed improvements in children’s behaviour by decreased scores in behaviour difficulties sub-scales post intervention. The Overall Stress data from staff ratings combined scores for 4 difficulty measures (emotional, behavioural concerns, hyperactivity/inattention and peer relationships) showed that 4% of children were functioning close to the ‘Average’ band pre-intervention, compared to 50% post intervention. Furthermore, staff ratings showed significant reductions to the number of children scoring at the most concerning ‘Very High’ difficulties band; 67% pre-intervention compared to 29% post intervention. All children made progress against individually set learning behaviour goals.Progress and usefulness of Reflect was also evidenced qualitatively from setting staff evaluations and perceptions of the workers who delivered the intervention.

scholarly journals Discovery and molecular and biocatalytic properties of hydroxynitrile lyase from an invasive millipede,Chamberlinius hualienensis

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (34) ◽  
pp. 10605-10610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Dadashipour ◽  
Yuko Ishida ◽  
Kazunori Yamamoto ◽  
Yasuhisa Asano
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Aromatic Aldehydes ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
Hydroxynitrile Lyase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Very High

Hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) catalyzes the degradation of cyanohydrins and causes the release of hydrogen cyanide (cyanogenesis). HNL can enantioselectively produce cyanohydrins, which are valuable building blocks for the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and is used as an important biocatalyst in industrial biotechnology. Currently, HNLs are isolated from plants and bacteria. Because industrial biotechnology requires more efficient and stable enzymes for sustainable development, we must continuously explore other potential enzyme sources for the desired HNLs. Despite the abundance of cyanogenic millipedes in the world, there has been no precise study of the HNLs from these arthropods. Here we report the isolation of HNL from the cyanide-emitting invasive millipedeChamberlinius hualienensis, along with its molecular properties and application in biocatalysis. The purified enzyme displays a very high specific activity in the synthesis of mandelonitrile. It is a glycosylated homodimer protein and shows no apparent sequence identity or homology with proteins in the known databases. It shows biocatalytic activity for the condensation of various aromatic aldehydes with potassium cyanide to produce cyanohydrins and has high stability over a wide range of temperatures and pH values. It catalyzes the synthesis of (R)-mandelonitrile from benzaldehyde with a 99% enantiomeric excess, without using any organic solvents. Arthropod fauna comprise 80% of terrestrial animals. We propose that these animals can be valuable resources for exploring not only HNLs but also diverse, efficient, and stable biocatalysts in industrial biotechnology.

Sampling Predator Populations on Apple Trees in Nova Scotia

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
High Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Wire Screen ◽  
Mixed Populations ◽  
Very High

AbstractProblems associated with quantitative estimations of mixed populations of several species of predators on apple trees are discussed. The problems arise largely because of the inherently high variability in such populations and because of the mechanical difficulties of counting predators on some basic unit of tree. In this investigation two devices used in sampling are described and their efficiency rated. One, a vacuum sampler, that removed predators from samples of leaf clusters on the tree failed to meet the standards set. The other, called the shaker sampler, tumbled clusters about in a revolving wire screen cage to dislodge predators for counting. The amount of processing with this device to remove practically all predacious specimens was calibrated. When the shaker-sampler technique was applied to studies in two orchards it proved to be practical for quantitative estimation of predator populations per large limb. The error associated with estimations of the density of individual species was usually very high so that pooling of the results for several or all species was required to reduce the variance to an acceptable level.

scholarly journals Programmable multifunctional integrated nanophotonics

Nanophotonics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1351-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pérez ◽  
Ivana Gasulla ◽  
José Capmany
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Quantum Information Processing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Point ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
Spatial Regularity ◽  
Hardware Architectures ◽  
Application Fields

AbstractProgrammable multifunctional integrated nanophotonics (PMIN) is a new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware configurations, which by suitable programming can implement a variety of functionalities that can be elaborated for basic or more complex operations in many application fields. The interest in PMIN is driven by the surge of a considerable number of emerging applications in the fields of telecommunications, quantum information processing, sensing and neurophotonics that will be calling for flexible, reconfigurable, low-cost, compact and low-power-consuming devices, much in the same way as how field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices operate in electronics. The success of PMIN relies on the research into suitable interconnection hardware architectures that can offer a very high spatial regularity as well as the possibility of independently setting (with a very low power consumption) the interconnection state of each connecting element. Integrated waveguide meshes provide regular and periodic geometries, formed by replicating a unit cell, which can take the form of a square, hexagon or triangle, among other configurations. Each side of the cell is formed by two integrated waveguides connected by means of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) or a tunable directional coupler that can be operated by means of an output control signal as a crossbar switch or as a variable coupler with independent power division ratio and phase shift. In this paper, we review the recent advances reported in the field of PMIN and, especially, in those based on integrated photonic waveguide meshes, both from the theoretical as well as from the experimental point of view. We pay special attention to outlining the design principles, material platforms, synthesis algorithms and practical constraints of these structures and discuss their applicability to different fields.

scholarly journals Precise fabrication of porous polymer frameworks using rigid polyisocyanides as building blocks: from structural regulation to efficient iodine capture

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun-Hui Xu ◽  
Yan-Xiang Li ◽  
Li Zhou ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Zong-Quan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Porous Polymer ◽  
Structural Regulation ◽  
Very High

Macroporous polymer frameworks with a tunable pore size were readily prepared using 4-arm rod-like polymers as building blocks. They showed excellent iodine capture performance with very high efficiency (1 minute) and high capacity (574%).

scholarly journals Toward 3D Integration of 1D Conductors: Junctions of InAs Nanowires

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip M. Wu ◽  
Lars Samuelson ◽  
Heiner Linke
Keyword(s):  
Field Effect ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Capillary Forces ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
3D Integration ◽  
Inas Nanowires ◽  
Lateral Geometry

A vision and one of the next challenges in nanoelectronics is the 3D integration of nanowire building blocks. Here we show that capillary forces associated with a liquid-air meniscus between two nanowires provides a simple, controllable technique to bend vertical nanowires into designed, interconnected assemblies. We characterize the electric nature of the junctions between crossed nanowires in a lateral geometry, which is one type of basic unit that can be found in interconnected-bent vertical nanowires. The crossed nanowire junction is capacitive in nature, and we demonstrate that one nanowire can be used to field effect gate the other nanowire, allowing for the possibility to develop extremely narrow conducting channels in nanowire planar or 3D electronic devices.

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