In search of the narrator

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-185
Author(s):  
Regine Eckardt
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Semantics ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Taste ◽  
Predicates Of Personal Taste ◽  
The Core ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Subjective Meanings

The chapter proposes a semantic analysis of narrators in fiction, addressing three main issues: (a) in fiction, we cannot rely on reality to determine the identity of the narrator, (b) there are linguistic items beyond pronouns to introduce a narrator, and (c) narrators can be unreliable. It shows how narrators in fiction can be modeled by discourse referents (drefs) in dynamic semantics. At the core of the analysis is the assumption that hearers derive subjective meanings by taking into account all contexts c that could be the context they are in. Combined with dynamic semantics, this captures the intuition that a narrator can be both unique and indefinite. Different types of narrator introduction are surveyed: apart from first-person pronouns, speaker-oriented items like exclamatives, questions, and evidentials trigger the accommodation of a narrator dref. Other items, like predicates of personal taste, can but need not refer to the narrator dref. The analysis is extended to unreliable narrators and narrations about humanless worlds.

scholarly journals Metalinguistic Negotiations and Two Senses of Taste

Diametros ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
David Bordonaba-Plou
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Personal Taste ◽  
Personal Preference ◽  
Predicates Of Personal Taste ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Metalinguistic Negotiation

This paper defends the claim that the traditional Kantian division between two different types of judgments, judgments of personal preference (subjectively valid) and judgments of taste (intersubjectively valid), does not apply to some contexts in which metalinguistic negotiations take place. To begin, I first highlight some significant similarities between predicates of personal taste and aesthetic predicates. I sustain that aesthetic predicates are gradable and multidimensional, and that they often produce metalinguistic negotiations, characteristics that have motivated an individual treatment for predicates of personal taste. Secondly, contrary to Kant’s claim, I maintain that there are cases where judgments of personal preference are intersubjectively valid; in some contexts of metalinguistic negotiation, judgments of personal preference direct universality to a similar extent as judgments of taste. Some examples of real-life conversations will be presented to illustrate this point.

scholarly journals A Sensibilist Explanation of Imaginative Resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Nils Franzén
Keyword(s):  
Actual World ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Personal Taste ◽  
Predicates Of Personal Taste ◽  
Imaginative Resistance ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Evaluative Terms ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article discusses why it is the case that we refuse to accept strange evaluative claims as being true in fictions, even though we are happy to go along with other types of absurdities in such contexts. For instance, we would refuse to accept the following statement as true, even in the context of a fiction: (i) In killing her baby, Giselda did the right thing; after all, it was a girl. This article offers a sensibilist diagnosis of this puzzle, inspired by an observation first made by David Hume. According to sensibilism, the way we feel about things settles their evaluative properties. Thus, when confronted with a fictional scenario where the configuration of non-evaluative facts and properties is relevantly similar to the actual world, we refuse to go along with evaluative properties being instantiated according to a different pattern. It is the attitudes we hold in the actual world that fix the extension of evaluative terms, even in nonactual worlds. When engaging with a fiction, we (to some extent) leave our beliefs about what the world is like behind, while taking our emotional attitudes with us into the fiction. To substantiate this diagnosis, this paper outlines a sensibilist semantics for evaluative terms based on recent discussion regarding predicates of personal taste, and explains how, together with standard assumptions about the nature of fictional discourse, it makes the relevant predictions with respect to engagement with fictions.

A Disengaged Look at Disengagement Theory

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Bograd Gordon
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Disengagement Theory ◽  
Aging People ◽  
Subjective Meanings

This paper suggests that Disengagement Theory can be used as a theory of the middle-range, but not as a general theory about normal aging. This proposition is supported by an examination of key concepts, postulates and methods used to formulate the theory. By use of phenemological notions, we can see the concept of disengagement forces us to pay attention to the subjective meanings of aging people. It is necessary to disengage from the core statements of the theory and engage in a search for new methods to study the lived experiences of human beings in order to further our understandings of the processes of growing old.

scholarly journals Interaction of comparative struc­tu­res and their elements in modern russian prose

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Nikolina ◽  
Zoya Yu. Petrova ◽  
Natalya A. Fateeva
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Semantic Interaction ◽  
Modern Russian

The article explores the interaction of comparative constructions in modern prose. The main objective of the study is to determine the types of interaction between metaphors and similes in the texts of modern Russian prose. The material of the study is the works of Buida, Vodolazkin, Ivanov, Ilichevsky, Matveeva, Pelevin, Rubina, Slavnikova, Sokolov, Sorokin, and Stepnova. The authors employed the methods of description, comparison and the struc­tural-semantic analysis and also took into account the semantic field organisation of lexical units. The article distinguishes between formal and semantic interaction of metaphors and similes. The most obvious manifestation of the formal interaction is the reversibility of tropes. Semantic interaction is based on the semantic coordination of elements of comparative con­structions based on predicate-actant relations or involves a combination of metaphors and similes in the text based on various relations between elements of the same semantic field. Along with the indicated types of interaction, the article describes cases of multiple images of one depicted object and representation of different objects in a unified figurative way. These cases are characterized as a special type of interaction of comparative tropes. The article high­lights the main source domains of interacting tropes. The most frequent semantic classes of metaphors and similes used in interaction contexts are anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and culinary images. In addition to them, mechanistic (including computer), scientific and theat­rical metaphors and similes have been identified. The article shows that the interaction of tropes can be intertextual in a literary text. It is concluded that modern Russian prose is characterized by the interaction of metaphors and similes of different types. This interaction is often associated with the presence of contrast, contextual synonymy, the ‘genus — species’ relation between images of comparative constructions in a text.

Agents of peace: place, identity and peacebuilding

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gëzim Visoka
Keyword(s):  
Place Identity ◽  
Critical Hermeneutics ◽  
The Core ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Modes Of Governance

This chapter provides a new account of identity and practices of agents in the context of post-conflict peacebuilding. It investigates how place, habitus, and fields of interaction alongside the performative roles shape the identity of agents and their socialization in practice. To explore the relation between the agents’ presence and their impact on peacebuilding, this paper bypasses the exclusionary dichotomies between local/international and liberal/indigenous agents, and develops a typology of six types of agents horizontally arranged around their insideness and outsideness towards a particular conflict-affected place. Using human geography and critical hermeneutics, this paper categorises ‘agents of peace’ in six different types: existential insiders, subjective insiders, empathetic insiders, behavioural insiders, objective outsiders, and existential outsiders. The core argument of this article is that the differentiation of agents around the geographical and performance towards a particular place facilitates the exploration of pluralist forms of agency and a more nuanced understanding of dynamics in post-conflict societies. An expanded and plural view of agents captures better the fields of interaction and hybridization, agential knowledge and narratives, modes of governance, and various everyday practices that enable or inhibit sustainable peace.

Main Steam Line Break Calculations Using a Coupled RELAP5/PARCS Model for the Ringhals-3 Pressurized Water Reactor

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Sta˚lek ◽  
Jo´zsef Ba´na´ti ◽  
Christophe Demazie`re
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Fuel Assembly ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Steam Line ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
The Core ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Main Steam Line ◽  
Main Steam ◽  
Control Rods

A Main Steam Line Break (MSLB) is an important transient for Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) due to the strong positive reactivity introduced by the over-cooling of the core. Since this effect is stronger when the Moderator Temperature Coefficient (MTC) has a large amplitude, a conservative result will be obtained for a high burnup of the fuel due to the more negative MTC late in the cycle. The calculations have been performed at a cycle burnup of 12.9742 GWd/tHM. The Swedish Ringhals-3 PWR is a three loop Westinghouse design, currently with a thermal power of 3000 MW. The PARCS model has 157 fuel assemblies of 8 different types. Four different types of reflector are used. The cross sections, and kinetic data were obtained from CASMO-4 calculations, using a cross section interface developed at the department. There are 24 axial nodes, and 2×2 radial nodes for each assembly. The transient option for calculating the effect of poisoning was used. The PARCS model has been validated against steady-state measurements from Ringhals-3 of the Relative Power Fraction (RPF) and of the core criticality. The RELAP5 model has 157 channels for the core which means that there is a one to one correspondence between the thermal hydraulics model and the neutronics model. There is eight axial nodes. Originally, the intention was to have 24 axial nodes but this proved not to work because of some limitation in RELAP5. There is currently no mixing between the different channels in the core. The feedwater, and turbines are modelled as boundary conditions. The stand-alone RELAP5 model has been validated against steady state measurements from Ringhals-3. A number of different cases were considered. In the first case, both the isolation of the feedwater for the broken loop, and all the control rods were assumed to work properly. For the second case one of the control rods was assumed to be stuck. The stuck rod was located in the fuel assembly with the highest power. This rod has also one of the highest rod worths. In the final case, the feedwater control valve for the broken loop was fully open. None of the cases led to any recriticality. The increase in power for each fuel assembly was also investigated. With the control rod located in the assembly with the highest power, the maximum power increase before scram turned out to be about 25% compared to the initial power.

The influence of social distance on speech behavior: Formality variation in casual speech

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Koppen ◽  
Mirjam Ernestus ◽  
Margot van Mulken
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
First Person ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Explicit Information ◽  
Short Films ◽  
Casual Speech ◽  
Subjective Meanings

AbstractAn important dimension of linguistic variation is formality. This study investigates the role of social distance between interlocutors. Twenty-five native Dutch speakers retold eight short films to confederates, who acted either formally or informally. Speakers were familiarized with the informal confederates, whereas the formal confederates remained strangers. Results show that the two types of interlocutors elicited different versions of the same stories. Formal interlocutors (i. e. large social distance) elicited lower articulation rates, and more nouns and prepositions, both indicators of explicit information. Speakers addressing the informal interlocutors, to whom social distance was small, however, provided more explicit information with an involved character (i. e. adjectives with subjective meanings). They also used the wordandmore often as a gap filler or as a way to keep the floor. Furthermore, a small social distance elicited more laughter, interjections, first-person pronouns and direct speech, which are all indicators of involvement, empathy and subjectivity.

scholarly journals Indium Phosphide-Based Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Their Applications

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Mushonga ◽  
Martin O. Onani ◽  
Abram M. Madiehe ◽  
Mervin Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Indium Phosphide ◽  
Surface Passivation ◽  
Semiconductor Nanocrystals ◽  
Core Size ◽  
The Core ◽  
Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Fluorescent Materials ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Heating Up

Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) are nanometer-sized fluorescent materials with optical properties that can be fine-tuned by varying the core size or growing a shell around the core. They have recently found wide use in the biological field which has further enhanced their importance. This review focuses on the synthesis of indium phosphide (InP) colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. The two synthetic techniques, namely, the hot-injection and heating-up methods are discussed. Different types of the InP-based QDs involving their use as core, core/shell, alloyed, and doped systems are reviewed. The use of inorganic shells for surface passivation is also highlighted. The paper is concluded by some highlights of the applications of these systems in biological studies.

Eddy Current Array Inspection of Damaged CFRP Sandwich Panels

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Underhill ◽  
T. Rellinger ◽  
T. W. Krause ◽  
D. Wowk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Eddy Current ◽  
Sandwich Panels ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Face Sheet ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
The Core ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Phase Map

Abstract The use of eddy current (EC) arrays to detect damage in sandwich panels, such as disbonding of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) face-sheet to the core, is investigated. It is shown that the array is very sensitive to slight core crush and can readily find small dents and disbonds. At the same time, the eddy current array can look much deeper into the honeycomb to detect defects such as tears. The phase map of the EC signal can be used in some cases to distinguish between different types of damage. EC arrays offer the ability to rapidly scan large areas of CFRP panels.

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