Newton and the Laws of Motion

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-159
Author(s):  
Robert T. Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Circular Motion ◽  
Universal Gravitation ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Critical Moment ◽  
Laws Of Motion ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Universe

In his Principia (1687), Sir Isaac Newton laid out his discovery of the laws of motions and the law of universal gravitation. His historic journey involved a critical moment when, aided by discussions with Robert Hooke, he conquered the challenge of circular motion, e.g. one body circling another, by introducing the concept of force. The Principia was a tour-de-force demonstration of the intelligibility of the universe and ultimately broke physics away from philosophy. This work led directly to the concept of energy.

On the Genius and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-86
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Universal Gravitation ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law

This chapter presents George Boole's lecture on the discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. The first subject of importance that engaged Newton's attention was the phenomena of prismatic colors. The results of his inquiries were communicated to the Royal Society in the year 1675, and afterwards published with most important additions in 1704. The production was entitled “Optics; or, a Treatise on the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections, and Colours of Light.” It is considered one of the most elaborate and original of his works, and carries on every page the traces of a powerful and comprehensive mind. Newton also discovered universal gravitation, which was announced to the world in 1687 through the publication of the “Principia, or Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.” The object of the “Principia” is twofold: to demonstrate the law of planetary influence, and to apply that law to the purposes of calculation.

The Libraries of Newton, Hooke and Boyle

1966 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-55 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The demand and search for the scientific literature of the past has grown enormously in the last twenty years. In an age as conscious as ours of the significance of science to mankind, some scientists naturally turned their thoughts to the origins of science as we know it, how scientific theories grew and how discoveries were made. Both institutions and individual scientists partake in these interests and form collections of books necessary for their study. How did their predecessors fare in this respect? They, of course, formed their libraries at a time when books were easy to find—and cheap. But what did they select for their particular reading? For example, what did the libraries of the three greatest scientists of the seventeenth century, Sir Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle, look like? Fortunately in the case of Newton, the history of his books is now fairly clear, thanks to the devoted labours of Colonel R . de Villamil (i), but it is a sad reflection on our attitude to our great intellectual leaders that this library o f the greatest English scientist, whose work changed the world for hundreds of years, was not taken care of, was, in fact, forgotten and at times entirely neglected.

scholarly journals The Inverse Precise Placement of Numbers Based at Pythagoras 1:3 and the Precise Configuration of Numbers as the Basis of a Unified Theorem That Binds the Physics of Mass, Space, Energy and the Torque Power (Inertia) That Sustains the Finite Universe.

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-371
Author(s):  
Vinoo Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Physical Science ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Curved Space ◽  
Fixed Angle ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Linear Composite ◽  
Bounded Space ◽  
The Universe

This paper is based on the precise inverse cone of Pythagoras 1:3. As in section 1 of this paper, all mathematics presented in this paper is by precise  mathematics equations and the author has maintained by proof that the base numbers constant from which all physics constants can be derived are -1 to 19 ( the value 6 is  as per this paper is the constant for expansion of  all bounded space and 19 is the patent “end value” of the base constant numbers as shown in section 1 and  referenced in this section11). Numbers as created and as placed at the cone of Pythagoras 1:3 are precise manifestation of the numbers of linear composite. However, this paper shows that the invention of designated angles (Trigonometry) is an approximate arbitrary arrangement invented by man, based on the created fixed angle of 90 degrees and is certainly flawed as shown here in this paper. Likewise, any attempts to measure curvature by linear numbers is fraught with much error. The author maintains that “If the atomic density and structure of  meteorites from far space have the same configuration as those found on this earth, then by all created logic , these numbers configuration presented in  these two papers and the book (The God of Papa Einstein and Sir Isaac Newton) are a constant unified theorem of  all the space and mass (  Quantum mechanics) in the universe”. Einstein’s Theory of relativity and all other interstellar phenomena are not addressed in the context of this paper because all this is observed science phenomena and not a physical science, and this paper deals with precise numbers configuration as in the section 1 of the paper. Einstein’s relativity is a real observed natural phenomenon, not science by itself, it is a natural aberration of the fact that observed relativity is due to inherent curvature and linear relationship between any two points in the universe and because of the spiral progression of curved space. Neither does light bend it appears to bend, nor does time really dilate in real terms even though it is a real observed phenomenon, neither numbers or distances dilate by any continuum, unfortunately, that is why Einstein’s misconception about time dilation is a Theory and will always be Theory.

scholarly journals VIII. An experiment proposed for determining, by the aberration of the fixed stars, whether the rays of light, in pervading different media, change their velocity according to the law which results from Sir Isaac Newton's ideas concerning the cause of refraction; and for ascertaining their velocity in every medium whose refractive density is known.

1782 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 58-70 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Constant Ratio ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Media Change ◽  
The Law

Upon the supposition that the refraction of light is caused by a certain action of gross and sensible bodies upon it, Sir Isaac Newton has demonstrated, that the fines of incidence and refraction, when the rays pass out of one medium into another of different density, must always be in a constant ratio. This constancy of the ration of the sines is agreeable to an universal experience, and has been called the law of refraction.

Robert Hooke’s family and his youth: some new evidence from the will of the Rev. John Hooke

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Academic Journals ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
The Will ◽  
New Evidence

During the 1980s, there was substantial progress in research on Robert Hooke (1635-1703), the first curator of experiments of the Royal Society and the rival of Sir Isaac Newton. About 20 papers appeared in academic journals and, at the end of the 1980s, a distinguished work, Robert Hooke: New Studies was edited by M. Hunter and S. Schaffer. Though the amount of research on Hooke is not yet comparable with the ‘Newtonian Industry’, we have reached a new stage of research on this prolific man of science. Hooke’s activities at Gresham College and at the Royal Society have now been increasingly analysed not only through his printed works but also through his manuscripts, which are scattered among various libraries. By comparison, Hooke’s early life, especially before his appearance at Oxford, is relatively unknown. The main sources of knowledge have been restricted to two contemporary descriptions: Aubrey’s manuscripts, published as Brief Lives , and Waller’s introductory biography to Hooke’s Cutlerian Lectures.

Newton—A Man of His Times

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
G. C. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Outstanding Contribution ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Universal Gravitation ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Newtonian Physics ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Newton’S Laws ◽  
Foundation Stone

As one of many disciplines which involve the study of bodies and their motion, the science of navigation is heavily indebted to Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727). Newton's outstanding contribution to science was his conception of the abstract idea of force and its mathematical formulation. This enabled the development of quantitative mechanics through the application of, for example, his Law of Inertia and his Law of Universal Gravitation. Whilst limitations in Newtonian physics have now been exposed at the level of sub-atomic particles moving close to the speed of light (Einsteinian physics), Newton's Laws remain the foundation stone to the solution of most everyday dynamical problems.

Newton and Knowledge of the Universe

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Steven L. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Newton’S Method ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Spherical Waves ◽  
Christiaan Huygens ◽  
The World ◽  
Laws Of Motion ◽  
The Universe

Like Bacon, Descartes, and Galileo, Newton identified method as the key to discovering truths about the world, and like theirs, Newton’s method conflated induction and deduction in making claims about reality. Against Robert Hooke, Newton claimed that data spoke for themselves, as in his claim that his prism experiments directly proved that sunlight really was a combination of colors. In his theory of light, Newton claimed that his data allowed him to “deduce” that light was made up of corpuscles, against Christiaan Huygens’ claim that light was composed of spherical waves. In Newton’s mechanics, which became the cornerstone of modern mathematical physics, neither his definitions of space, time, matter, and motion nor his famous three laws of motion were deduced from experimental data. In his dismissal of Descartes’ method of reasoning and in his battles with Leibniz over the nature of reality, Newton was forced to confront the logical weakness of his ontological claims.

Newton’s Principia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Smeenk ◽  
Eric Schliesser
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Universal Gravitation ◽  
Resisting Medium ◽  
Laws Of Motion ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the historical context of Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) and how it reoriented natural philosophy for generations. It first considers how the Principia extends and refines the ideas of De Motu, taking into account the three Laws of Motion, the force responsible for the planetary trajectories, the motion of projectiles in a resisting medium, and the law of universal gravitation. It then discusses three changes that influenced fundamentally the content and reception of the Principia: the relabelling and rewording of nine ‘hypotheses’ (into ‘phenomena’ and ‘rules of reasoning’) at the start of Book 3; the addition of the General Scholium; and changes that minimized explicit commitments to atomism. It also assesses the impact of the Principia on the development of physics and concludes with an overview of Newton’s theory about the cause of gravity

scholarly journals XLVIII. A proposal for measuring the attraction of some hill in this kingdom by astronomical observations

1775 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 495-499 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Heavy Body ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Universe

If the attraction of gravity be exerted, as Sir Isaac Newton supposes, not only between the large bodies of the universe, but between the minutest particles of which these bodies are composed, or into which the mind can imagine them to be divided, acting universally according to that law, by which the force which carries on the celestial motions is regulated; namely, that the accelerative force of each particle of matter towards every other particle decreases as the squares of the distances increase, it will necessarily follow, that every hill must, by its attraction, alter the direction of gravitation in heavy bodies in its neighbourhood from what it would have been from the attraction of the earth alone, considered as bounded by a smooth and even surface. For, as the tendency of heavy bodies downwards perpendicular to the earth's surface is owning to the combined attraction of all the parts of the earth upon it, so a neighbouring mountain ought, though in a far less degree, to attract the heavy body towards its centre of attraction, which cannot be placed far from the middle of the mountain.

Richard Waller, S.R.S.: ‘In the pursuit of nature`

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-233 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Cotton Mather ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Samuel Pepys

There is no puzzle more tantalizing than the fragments of a forgotten A life. Richard Waller (1660?—1715), linguist, artist, and amateur scientist, offers multiple challenges. A member of the Royal Society from 1681 and its Secretary from 1687-1709, 1710-1714, under the presidencies of Samuel Pepys and Sir Isaac Newton, Waller was a man of considerable standing during an important era in the history of science. His associates included Robert Hooke, Edmond Halley, James Pettiver, and Sir Hans Sloane. He conducted correspondence with some of the leading scientific figures and personalities abroad, such as van Leeuwenhoek, Malpighi, and Cotton Mather. History, however, has turned Waller into a footnote in the biographies of his more illustrious, or notorious, contemporaries.

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