Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
Frank Schimmelfennig ◽  
Thomas Winzen
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Democratic Community ◽  
Democratic Quality ◽  
Differentiated Integration ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

This chapter evaluates the implications of differentiated integration for the legal order, democratic quality, degree of solidarity, and further development of European integration. The chapter argues that eschewing differentiation would entail serious opportunity costs for the EU. Forgoing differentiation and limiting European integration to a clear choice between ‘in’ and ‘out’ would most likely result in a lower level and regional as well as functional scope of European integration, providing fewer opportunities for democratic community formation, more limitations to democratic choice, and less European solidarity than differentiated integration does. As regards the further development of European integration, differentiation is likely to prove useful in getting new policy domains ‘off the ground’, but less relevant for the further consolidation and deepening of already highly integrated policies. In these areas, the academic and policy debate is likely to focus increasingly on the governance and implications of differentiated integration.

scholarly journals Does differentiated integration strengthen the democratic legitimacy of the EU? Evidence from the 2015 Danish opt-out referendum

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-611
Author(s):  
Dominik Schraff ◽  
Frank Schimmelfennig
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heterogeneous Preferences ◽  
Democratic Quality ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Differentiated Integration ◽  
The Eu

Differentiation has become a durable feature of European integration but we know little about its effects on citizens. Does differentiated integration improve the democratic quality of the European Union and strengthen citizens’ support – or does it promote political divides and foster citizens’ alienation from European integration? This article develops a theoretical argument on the positive attitudinal effects of differentiated integration, contending that differentiation accommodates heterogeneous preferences in a diverse EU and strengthens citizens’ ownership of European integration. A quasi-experimental analysis of public opinion of the 2015 Danish Justice and Home Affairs opt-out referendum demonstrates that the public vote increased citizens’ EU efficacy, indeed. Eurosceptic voters in particular strengthen their belief that their individual voice counts in EU politics, suggesting that differentiation can have a positive effect on the perceived democratic quality of the EU.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOLOGICAL BUSINESS IN UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
pp. 100-104
Author(s):  
Iryna Skorokhod ◽  
Lyudmyla Hrynchuk
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Status ◽  
Factors Of Influence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

Introduction. The article deals the impact of European integration on the development of ecological business in Ukraine. The Association of Ukraine and the EU implies adaptation and reforms not only in economy, but also in others areas, including ecology. The factors of influence and their consequences on the development of environmental business in the state are investigated. The main obstacles for using the experience of the EU countries are highlighted. Prospects of further using of "green enterprise" methods in Ukraine are considered. Purpose. The aim of the article is to reveal the essence, forms, stages of formation and innovative forms of the ecological business; to analyze the experience of ecological business and its regulation in the EU countries; to characterize the status and the impact of European integration on ecological business in Ukraine. Method (methodology). Methods of analogy and comparison are used in the study of problematic aspects of Ukraine and the EU in the field of ecology. Statistical methods are used for analyzing the dynamics of indicators of the development of ecological business in the state. Systematic approach is used for explaining strategic guidelines and identifying further promising ways for the development of ecological business in Ukraine. Results. The main aspects of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU have been analyzed. The main directions of further development of common cooperation have been singled out. The proposals of improving the position of Ukrainian eco-goods and services on the European market have been substantiated.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Frank Schimmelfennig ◽  
Thomas Winzen
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Slippery Slope ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Class Membership ◽  
Differentiated Integration ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Reform Debate

The concept of differentiated integration has become a cornerstone of the debate on the reform and future of the European Union. This chapter introduces key concerns in this debate including the view that deeper integration will require greater differentiation and the fear that this will put the EU on a slippery slope towards ‘ever looser union’ and ‘two-class membership’. This introductory chapter summarizes the book’s arguments about the EU reform debate and differentiated integration. Among others, it states that differentiated integration has not produced ‘ever looser union’ but has been predominantly ‘multi-speed’ differentiation. Whereas differentiation has facilitated European integration under conditions of increasing international heterogeneity, it is an obstacle towards European solidarity and the consolidation of integration. It concludes with an overview of the chapters.

Why Constituent Power?

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-40
Author(s):  
Markus Patberg
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Constituent Power ◽  
Constitutional Development ◽  
Popular Participation ◽  
Constitutional Politics ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Popular Control

This chapter addresses the question of why a theory of constituent power in the EU is needed. While the EU has long since taken on a constitutional character, this is in no way reflected in adequate popular participation in decisions about its basic legal order. The EU is shaped through a combination of intergovernmental treaty making and integration through law that sidelines citizens. Constitutional mutation further decouples the EU’s constitutional development from popular control and shields fundamental decisions from democratic contestation. To capture the legitimacy gap that opens up here, the chapter introduces an understanding of constituent power as political autonomy at the level of constitutional politics. It argues that European integration is based on a usurpation, with constituted powers operating as de facto constituent powers. As executives and courts shape the EU in a largely self-referential manner, citizens are deprived of a crucial dimension of political autonomy. The chapter concludes with preliminary considerations on a theory of constituent power in the EU, addressing substantive and methodological challenges involved in its elaboration, as well as possible objections to the project as such.

scholarly journals Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in the EU: Brexit, the Eurozone Crisis, and Other Troubles

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-507
Author(s):  
Menelaos Markakis
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Outer Core ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Eurozone Crisis ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Differentiated Integration ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This article looks at theories of differentiated integration and disintegration in the wake of the Eurozone crisis and the Brexit referendum. It advances four distinct, albeit interrelated, arguments with respect to these proposals. First, it could be contested whether certain policy areas should be pushed to the ‘outer core’ of European integration. Second, it would be very difficult to disentangle those areas to be pushed to the ‘outer core’ from those areas remaining in the ‘inner core’. Third, the legal and institutional arrangements for organizing differentiated integration are equally important. Fourth, even if the problems adumbrated above could be addressed satisfactorily, the emerging arrangements for differentiated integration would differ little from the degree of flexibility or variation that already exists within some of those areas. Brexit may be viewed as an opportunity for reform to ‘fix’ those issues that are regarded as problematic in the design or functioning of the EU. Should it appear desirable to pursue differentiated integration, the better course of action would be to build on those opportunities for differentiated integration that are offered by the EU Treaties. Any forthcoming Treaty revision to take stock of Brexit could be used to give added impetus to differentiated integration.

27. Brexit

2019 ◽  
pp. 406-424
Author(s):  
Michelle Cini ◽  
Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Differentiated Integration ◽  
Eu Referendum ◽  
Article 50 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the so-called ‘Brexit’ phenomenon, the first time an existing EU member state has voted in a referendum to leave the Union. The chapter examines the historical context that shaped the UK’s decision to join the EEC and its subsequent relationship with the EU. It charts the events leading to the EU referendum, including the campaign and explains the reasons for the narrow ‘Leave’ vote in the referendum. The Brexit negotiations under Article 50 are discussed by focusing on process, actors, and outcomes, specifically the content of the March 2018 Draft Withdrawal Agreement. The penultimate section of the chapter explains Brexit by drawing on the extant European integration literature with a focus on the concepts of disintegration, differentiated integration, Europeanization, and politicization, while surveying the likely scenarios for a future EU–UK relationship. The chapter ends discussing the impact and implications of Brexit for the EU.

Euro Crisis Responses and the EU Legal Order: Increased Institutional Variation or Constitutional Mutation?

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno De Witte
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Euro Crisis ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Differentiated Integration ◽  
Institutional Variation ◽  
Crisis Responses ◽  
The Eu

Euro crisis reforms as major example of interstitial institutional change in the EU - Forms of institutional change : unusual sources of law, new tasks for the EU institutions, new organs, competence creep, institutional hybrids, and more differentiated integration - Question whether some or all of this amounts to a ‘constitutional mutation’ of the EU legal order - Reasons to doubt whether the constitutional fundamentals have changed - Alternative thesis: increased institutional variation, deepening the differences between EMU law and the rest of EU law.

The Freedom to Conduct a Business in the EU, Its Limitations and Its Role in the European Legal Order: A New Engine for Deeper and Stronger Economic, Social, and Political Integration

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1867-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Usai
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Eu

This paper examines the role and importance of the freedom to conduct a business enshrined in Article 16 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR). With the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the CFR became legally binding, gaining the same legal value as the Treaties. It will be argued here that Article 16 CFR, which recognizes the right to economic initiative, can be an important force for European integration by acting as a new engine of European social, economic, and political integration. That said, Article 16 should be read bearing its limitations in mind.

Complexity and Cultural Sources of Law in the EU Context: From the Multilevel Constitutionalism to the Constitutional Synallagma

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Martinico
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Complex Entity ◽  
The Eu

In this work I will try to analyse the latest trends of the European integration process in light of the notion of complexity, conceived as a bilaterally active relationship between diversities.This notion of complexity comes from a comparison among the different meanings of this word as used in several disciplines (law, physics, mathematics, psychology, philosophy) and recovers the etymological sense of this concept (complexity from Latin complexus= interlaced). The effort to find a common linguistic core could cause ambiguity but I would like to take the risk because only a multidisciplinary approach can “catch” the hidden dimension of the European process I argue that the European Union legal order is a “complex” entity that shares some features with complex systems in natural sciences: non-reducibility, unpredictability, non-reversibility and non-determinability.

European Integration of Postcommunist States: Safe Future or Evolutionary Trap?

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liutauras Gudinskas
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Evolutionary Trap ◽  
Internal Logic ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Postcommunist Transformation ◽  
The Eu

The article discusses the complexities of postcommunist transformation of Central and Eastern European states and their further development in the European Union. First of all, the author considers the phenomenon of postcommunist transformation, its internal logic and causes that determined different paths of postcommunist countries' development. Later the attention is focused on the development of postcommunist states that have entered the EU. The most important challenges for these countries that have chosen the path of European integration are singled out. It is evaluated how these challenges have been dealt with since the entry to the EU. Although the main focus of article is the whole region, the situation of Lithuania is analyzed in more detail. Judging from the present trends, one may conclude that the latter country (along with some other postcommunist EU member states) may remain in an economic periphery of Europe distinguished by political instability, distrust of political institutions and increasing "social deficit."

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