The Value of Conditionals

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Timothy Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Context Sensitivity ◽  
Conditional Statements

This introductory chapter sketches the near-ubiquitous role of conditional statements, questions, and commands in human cognitive life and decision-making. It emphasizes that the standard way of instantiating a known or hypothesized generalization ‘Every F is a G’ is with a conditional, ‘If this is an F, it is a G’; this matters in both everyday life and science. The chapter also sketches how conditionals are passed from one context to another by memory and testimony. These features of our use of conditionals suggest desiderata for the semantics of conditionals. In particular, various kinds of computational complexity and context-sensitivity would tend to unfit conditionals for the cognitive role they are expected to play.

scholarly journals 'To do or not to do'? The neurobiology of decision-making in daily life: I. Getting the basics

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Palmini ◽  
Victor Geraldi Haase
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Cortical Regions

Abstract The constant conflict between decisions leading to immediate pleasurable consequences versus behaviors aiming at long-term social advantages is reviewed here in the framework of the evolutionary systems regulating behavior. The inescapable temporal perspective in decision-making in everyday life is highlighted and integrated with the role of the executive functions in the modulation of subcortical systems. In particular, the representations of the 'non-existent' future in the prefrontal cortical regions and how these representations can bridge theory and practice in everyday life are addressed. Relevant discussions regarding the battle between emotions and reasons in the determination of more complex decisions in the realm of neuroeconomics and in moral issues have been reserved for a second essay.

The terroir of bureaucratic practice: Everyday life and scholarly method in the study of policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merje Kuus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Cultural Geography ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Michel De Certeau ◽  
Do So

This article seeks to connect political geographic scholarship on institutions and policy more firmly to the experience of everyday life. Empirically, I foreground the ambiguous and indeterminate character of institutional decision-making and I underscore the need to closely consider the sensory texture of place and milieu in our analyses of it. My examples come from the study of diplomatic practice in Brussels, the capital of the European Union. Conceptually and methodologically, I use these examples to accentuate lived experience as an essential part of research, especially in the seemingly dry bureaucratic settings. I do so in particular through engaging with the work of Michel de Certeau, whose ideas enjoy considerable traction in cultural geography but are seldom used in political geography and policy studies. An accent on the texture and feel of policy practice necessarily highlights the role of place in that practice. This, in turn, may help us with communicating geographical research beyond our own discipline.

‘Don’t call the police on me, I won’t call them on you’: self-policing as ethical development in North Manchester

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Smith
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Housing Estate ◽  
Ethical Development ◽  
Urban Violence ◽  
The Face ◽  
The City

This chapter explores self-policing of urban violence in Harpurhey, Manchester. Arguing that ethical decision-making is practiced regularly in the process of policing the actions and behaviours of others. The author addresses the questions of, what does self-policing in the city actually look like? How does one determine what one ‘ought’ to do in the face of illegal or unethical actions in this part of the city? It concludes by arguing that the act of judgment of the behaviours and actions of others, and the assessment of where, when and whether or not to draw upon the services of the state to fulfill the role of policing, suggest that self-policing is not simply an outcome of neoliberal ideologies of self-management, but is an ethical engagement with the quotidian aspects of everyday life on this Manchester social housing estate.

Thinking the Ramayana Tradition through Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-49
Author(s):  
Rustom Bharucha
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Indian Languages ◽  
Narrative Tradition ◽  
Interpretive Skills ◽  
The Senses

This introductory chapter explores the role of performance in questioning, transforming, and subverting the Ramayana narrative tradition. Calling attention to diverse modes of enactment in which the story of the Ramayana gets interpreted through specific performative circumstances and techniques of psychophysical embodiment, it provides a dense vocabulary of different categories of performance in Indian languages in relation to acting, presenting, feeling, showing, exhibiting, transforming, and doing. Not only do these diverse epistemologies of performance shape the retelling of Ramayana at a structural level, they also contribute to the affective and spiritual dimensions of experiencing Ramayana at the level of the senses. Beyond enactment, the essay also provides a few examples of what happens to the Ramayana narrative when it gets performed outside the limits of the stage in the cultures of everyday life, where the politicization of the Ramayana places new demands on the agency and interpretive skills of actors.

scholarly journals Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 169-188
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
Protest Policing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Violent Action

The Conclusion discusses the implications of the book’s findings. It highlights the crucial role of situational interactions, interpretations, and emotions for surprising social outcomes. A section on external validity discusses whether other researchers in the field found similar patterns when examining brawls, atrocities, or revolutions. A second section discusses theoretical implications of the findings regarding the role of motivations versus situations, emotions versus rationality, collective and individual decision-making and reinterpretations, expectations and culture, as well as human inhibition to violence. A section on research implications reflects on what findings mean in particular for future research on protest policing, forward panics, other types of protests, and the roots of violent action. Lastly, a section on everyday life and the fear of violence discusses the social implications of the findings.

scholarly journals The role of anticipated regret in choosing for others

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Kumano ◽  
Antonia Hamilton ◽  
Bahador Bahrami
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Anticipated Regret ◽  
Audience Effect ◽  
Behavioural Analysis ◽  
Decisions For Others

AbstractIn everyday life, people sometimes find themselves making decisions on behalf of others, taking risks on another’s behalf, accepting the responsibility for these choices and possibly suffering regret for what they could have done differently. Previous research has extensively studied how people deal with risk when making decisions for others or when being observed by others. Here, we asked whether making decisions for present others is affected by regret avoidance. We studied value-based decision making under uncertainty, manipulating both whether decisions benefited the participant or a partner (beneficiary effect) and whether the partner watched the participant’s choices (audience effect) and their factual and counterfactual outcomes. Computational behavioural analysis revealed that participants were less mindful of regret (and more strongly driven by bigger risks) when choosing for others vs for themselves. Conversely, they chose more conservatively (regarding both regret and risk) when being watched vs alone. The effects of beneficiary and audience on anticipated regret counteracted each other, suggesting that participants’ financial and reputational interests impacted the feeling of regret independently.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Markwica
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Coercive Diplomacy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Action Model ◽  
Selection Of

Why do states frequently reject coercive threats from more powerful opponents? This introductory chapter begins by outlining the explanations in the existing literature for failures of coercive diplomacy. It suggests that these accounts generally share a cognitivist perspective that neglects the role of emotion in target leaders’ decision-making. To capture the social, physiological, and dynamic nature of emotion, it is necessary to introduce an additional action model besides the traditional rationalist and constructivist paradigms. The chapter provides a summary of this logic of affect, or emotional choice theory, which includes a series of propositions specifying the emotional conditions under which target leaders are likely to accept or reject a coercer’s demands. Next, it justifies the selection of the case studies and the book’s focus on political leaders. The chapter ends with a brief outline of the rest of the study.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The Role of Shared Decision-Making in Audiologic Rehabilitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Pryce ◽  
Amanda Hall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Audiologic Rehabilitation

Shared decision-making (SDM), a component of patient-centered care, is the process in which the clinician and patient both participate in decision-making about treatment; information is shared between the parties and both agree with the decision. Shared decision-making is appropriate for health care conditions in which there is more than one evidence-based treatment or management option that have different benefits and risks. The patient's involvement ensures that the decisions regarding treatment are sensitive to the patient's values and preferences. Audiologic rehabilitation requires substantial behavior changes on the part of patients and includes benefits to their communication as well as compromises and potential risks. This article identifies the importance of shared decision-making in audiologic rehabilitation and the changes required to implement it effectively.

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