Cognitive Penetration, Expertise, and Background Information

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-156
Author(s):  
Elijah Chudnoff
Keyword(s):  
Background Information ◽  
Cognitive Penetration ◽  
Epistemic Position ◽  
The Way

Can the way that an experience is caused make a difference to what that experience justifies believing? Presentational Conservatism implies that the answer to this question is no. It thereby incurs two explanatory burdens. One is to explain the apparent epistemic downgrade in cases such as Susanna Siegel’s example of Jack looking angry to Jill because of her unjustified fear. Another explanatory burden is to explain the superior epistemic position of expert perceivers such as bird watchers and radiologists whose trained eyes allow them to see more than those with untrained eyes. This chapter argues that Presentational Conservatism has adequate resources to discharge both explanatory burdens.

Knowledge, Practical Adequacy, and Stakes

2019 ◽  
pp. 234-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charity Anderson ◽  
John Hawthorne
Keyword(s):  
Pragmatic Encroachment ◽  
Epistemic Position ◽  
The Way

Defenses of pragmatic encroachment commonly rely on two thoughts: first, that the gap between one’s strength of epistemic position on p and perfect strength sometimes makes a difference to what one is justified in doing, and second, that the higher the stakes, the harder it is to know. It is often assumed that these ideas complement each other. This chapter shows that these ideas are far from complementary. Along the way, a variety of strategies for regimenting the somewhat inchoate notion of stakes are indicated, and some troubling cases for pragmatic encroachment raised.

Conservation planning of built heritages of Old Dhaka, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdous Farhana Huq ◽  
Rabeya Akter ◽  
Roxana Hafiz ◽  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
Mashrekur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Conservation Planning ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Conservation Plans ◽  
The Way

Purpose Built heritage is a unique resource, an irreplaceable expression of the richness and diversity of our past and of the generations who have gone before us. Old Dhaka has an outstanding built heritage that is of significance not only in the local, but also in a national and regional context. But senseless urbanization and ignorance of such an important issue in the existing detailed area plan is destroying the built heritages of Dhaka. As a result, many heritage buildings of Dhaka have been destroyed and the destruction is going on unabated. Therefore, there is a need to re-examine how such destruction can be prevented. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This research aims at the identification of heritages, their assessment and classification which is utterly significant for preserving the invaluable heritages. Heritages are classified according to their present condition which will show which type of heritage needs which type of attention. Findings The research indicates the way how a conservation planning for heritages can be done in a systematic and logical way. It reveals the present condition of the heritage buildings which will point out the way of preservation. There is no such document available which will tell general people about the most important or rare or significant heritages, the location of these heritages, or their background information. This research addresses these all issues. Originality/value To date, no conservation plans were implemented for Dhaka and there are no attempts to improve Old Dhaka through an urban design. The methodological approach in this research is new and effective for conserving heritages.

Urban Development Lab: A Participatory Urban Design for Ras Al Khaimah

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Initial Report ◽  
The Future ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

The urban and rural landscape of Ras Al Khaimah reflects the major investments in manufacturing and trade that have been made by its rulers since its entry into the United Arab Emirates Federation in 1972. The emirate’s pharmaceutical, ceramics, cement, and other industries have met with much success and have been accompanied and supported by widespread organizational and economic reforms and investments. The emirate has experienced year-after-year of growth and development, which continued even through the recent global economic downturn. The vision of His Highness Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi to diversify Ras Al Khaimah’s economy and encourage growth in a range of sectors will impact the future shape of the city of Ras Al Khaimah and its position within the emirate. Such growth highlights questions about the future shape of Ras Al Khaimah in relation to the Ruler’s vision of economic diversity. His Highness would like to reduce Ras Al Khaimah’s reliance on industry and encourage growth in a variety of sectors, including projects related to sea ports and the airport, the expansion of the Free Trade Zone, and an increase of investment in the tourism sector. As a result, planning is underway to define how these sectors can work in harmony to create a functional city, one that generates income, provides an agreeable home for its residents, and constitutes an attractive destination for tourists. The Urban Development Lab in Ras Al Khaimah was developed in response to a call for tenders by the Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi Foundation for Policy Research in the area of urban planning and development research in Ras Al Khaimah. The Urban Development Lab is an innovative process that uses perception studies and live interactive sessions with residents to capture the “tacit knowledge” of the city’s residents with regard to their perceptions and aspirations for Ras Al Khaimah’s urban landscape. The findings of the perception studies and live sessions are combined with global research on best practices in urbanization to begin to develop a culturally-relevant participatory urban design process for this city. The study’s lab process began with a comprehension phase in October 2012, which was designed to collect background information on the way that Ras Al Khaimah’s residents perceive their city. This information was used in the formation and administration of a survey instrument that focused on urban planning. The deliberation phase followed the comprehension phase and used highly-structured group sessions to acquaint residents with urban planning practices while seeking to crystalize their perspectives on Ras Al Khaimah. Finally, the consolidation and delivery phase involved ICOS’s processing of its data and formulating a comprehensive report that served as the basis for this Al Qasimi Foundation Working Paper. ICOS’s initial report was completed in October 2013. The Urban Development Lab process demonstrated that residents of all regions of Ras Al Khaimah would ideally like the city to develop into a place that puts importance on the family and that has diverse sectors of economic development. The neighborhood is the point of reference in Ras Al Khaimah. Accordingly, the majority of residents identify the appearance of their neighborhood as its most important aspect. Residents favor mixed-use neighborhoods that have essential services close by. The willingness shown by residents to move around their neighborhoods on foot could pave the way for Ras Al Khaimah to become one of the first walkable cities in the region. ICOS is an independent research organization working in areas of urban and community development, rights and citizenship, and youth education and employment. ICOS uses its research methodologies to gain a deep understanding of the reality on the ground in Ras Al Khaimah and to engage people in the process of assessing their own situations. كما هو الحال مع العديد من المواقع التاريخية في منطقة الخليج، يمثل التجديد الحضري للمنطقة القديمة في رأس الخيمة ، الإمارات العربية المتحدة تحديا في الحفاظ على التوازن بين المحافظة والتجديد. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على أهمية منطقة البلدة القديمة كموقع تاريخي وثقافي لصانعي السياسات في الإمارة.

Prescription for Drug Abuse Education Managing the Mood Changers

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley F. Yolles
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Information ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Drug Education ◽  
The Way

This article emphasizes the need to prepare youth to make decisions about drug use. To do this it is essential to eliminate hypocrisy about the use of marijuana, to “infuse” the curriculum with drug information and to provide students with realistic learning experiences. It focuses on such things as the way teachers have been charged with the responsibility to teach about drugs without adequate preparation. The author provides the reader with some practical suggestions and solutions to the dilemma. He presents factual background information about the nature of marijuana, the scope of the problem, and the need for immediate action regarding relevant educational programs. The key areas discussed are: 1) understanding the problem, 2) scope of the problem, 3) the need for drug education, 4) education of professional personnel, and 5) alternatives to drug abuse.

scholarly journals Consciousness and Knowledge

2020 ◽  
pp. 585-609
Author(s):  
Berit "Brit" Brogaard ◽  
Elijah Chudnoff
Keyword(s):  
External World ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Cognitive Penetration ◽  
Perceptual Consciousness ◽  
Core Theme ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

This chapter focuses on the relationship between consciousness and knowledge, and in particular on the role perceptual consciousness might play in justifying beliefs about the external world. A version of phenomenal dogmatism is outlined according to which perceptual experiences immediately, prima facie justify certain select parts of their content, and do so in virtue of their having a distinctive phenomenology with respect to those contents. Along the way various issues are considered in connection with this core theme, including the possibility of immediate justification, the dispute between representational and relational views of perception, the epistemic significance of cognitive penetration, the question of whether perceptual experiences are composed of more basic sensations and seemings, and questions about the existence and epistemic significance of high-level content. A concluding section briefly considers how some of the topics pursued here might generalize beyond perception.

For this Relief, Much Thanks ...

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Mattelaer
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Art Works ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
The Way

Even though peeing is something we all do several times a day, it is still a taboo subject. From an early age, we are taught to master our urinary urges and to use decent words for this most necessary physiological activity. This paradox has not gone unnoticed by artists through the ages. For this Relief, Much Thanks! Peeing in Art is a journey through time and space, stopping along the way to look at many different art forms. The reader-viewer will see how peeing figures - men and women, young and old, human and angelic - have been depicted over the centuries. You will be amazed to discover how often, even in famous works of art, you can find a man quietly peeing in a corner or a putto who is 'irrigating' some grassy field. A detail you will never have seen before, but one that you will never forget when confronted with those same art works in future! Artists have portrayed pee-ers in a variety of different ways and for a variety of different reasons: serious, frivolous, humorous, to make a protest, to make a statement... Whatever their purpose, these works of art always intrigue, not least because of their secret messages and symbolic references, which sometimes can only be unravelled by an expert - like the author of this book. The extensive background information about the artists and their work also gives interesting insights into the often complex origins of the different art forms. In short, a fascinating voyage of discovery awaits you!

Translating Gender-Based Violence Documentaries

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-108
Author(s):  
Charlotte Bosseaux
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Ethical Role ◽  
The Media ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
General Translation ◽  
The Way

Awareness of gender-based violence (GBV) is growing worldwide with increased coverage in the media (news, cinema, social media, television, etc.). Accounts of GBV therefore reach us in different ways, for instance, the story of a survivor comes to us in a film, novel, autobiography, or documentary. The primary aim of this chapter is to encourage research on the translation of GBV documentaries. It is a call for research that actively listens to the way voices of women who have suffered abuse are translated into other languages, in subtitled and voice-over versions. This chapter provides background information on GBV and explains why it is important to research this area. In the first part, GBV is defined and the reasons behind choosing documentaries for research are presented. The second part offers a reflection on the translation of trauma with a focus on the ethical role of translation and translators. Then, the general translation situation of the documentary genre is introduced, and the reasons why it is essential to investigate how the voices of survivors are translated in this context are presented further.

Local Talkback Radio and Political Engagement

2012 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Gunders
Keyword(s):  
Political Engagement ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Talk Radio ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
News Content ◽  
Radio Program ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Way

This article investigates the way in which one particular talk radio program, Mornings with Madonna King, deploys strategies that seem to address some of the criticisms levelled at conventional news formats in their ability to engage people as citizens. The program does this by providing background information, linking news content to listeners' experience and creating an impression of efficacy. Finally, the article examines how the institutional practices of radio production and consumption constrain this democratic potential.

scholarly journals Mary Holderness. Notes relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tatars. Written during the four years` residence among that people

2021 ◽  
pp. 238-260
Author(s):  
Arzy Yu. Alieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relations ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
The Village ◽  
Crimean Tatar ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

This translation is based on the work “Notes Relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tartars…” by the English traveler Mary Holderness. This work was published in London in 1821. It contains detailed information about the way of life of the Crimean Tatars, among whom Mary Holderness lived for four years in the village of Karagoz (Karagoss, at present the village of Pervomayskoye, Kirovsky district of the Crimea) since 1816 to 1820. The work is based on the author’s personal testimonies about the conduct of marriage, funeral and many other ceremonies of the Crimean Tatars: their customs, traditions, methods of housekeeping and education, especially intra-family relations. In her notes, Mary Holderness describes the development of women’s handicrafts and leather production. The author notes that all the Crimean footwear production was made in Bakhchisarai and Karasubazar, and subsequently sent to other Crimean cities. The author provides information on the development of sheep breeding among the Crimean Tatars. Lamb skins, after appropriate processing, were highly valued and exported to Moscow. Jewelry production was also well developed. Various jewelry decorations were made by them: jewelry made of silver, glass, brass, lead, as well as gold with colored stones. The significance of work lies in the fact that it provided the modern reader with the opportunity to get acquainted with the way of life and customs of the Crimean Tatars of the period described. An abundance of background information: food prices, Russian equivalents of British measures, indication of the distance between settlements make it possible to assess the standard of living of the Crimean Tatar people in the period under review.

Self-Concept Disturbance among Mothers Who Abuse Their Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
Data Sheet ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Children Under 5 ◽  
Abusive Mothers ◽  
The Way

The problem addressed here was whether self-concept disturbance significantly distinguished abusive from non-abusive mothers. 60 women with children under 5 yr. were divided into 2 groups of 30 each on the basis of known abuse or non-abuse of the child. All participants completed a Personal Data Sheet containing relevant background information, and Weed-man, Warren, and Marx's unpublished Self-concept Incongruence Scale, to assess positive self-concept, self-concept incongruence, and self-concept inconsistency. Women who abused their children had lower and more inconsistent self-concepts than non-abusers. They also experienced greater incongruence between the way they viewed themselves and the way they would like to be. These disturbances were seen as both the sources and consequences of the extreme frustration which leads to violence when socially appropriate outlets are unavailable.

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