Equity vs equality

The core theme running through the update this month is one of equity. Amongst all of the recent discussions on ensuring each child is supported according to their own unique needs, we need to take a closer look at where things might still be going wrong.

The African Participation and Experiences in the First and Second World Wars in Northern Rhodesia: A Historical Perspective 1914–1948

Unlike existing studies that examined each of the two World Wars and Africans separately, this study explores African participation and experiences in the First and Second World Wars in Northern Rhodesia (colonial Zambia) together during the period, 1914–1948. A lot has been written on the history of the World Wars in colonial Africa. However, there is not much literature that focuses on African participation and experiences during the two world wars. This study is focused on the core theme, that is, the role played by Africans in both World Wars. This is the main theme that informs the study. The core theme is sub-divided into the following three sub-themes: the making of the Northern Rhodesia Police under the British South African Company, BSACo, a Chartered Company that prohibited by law from housing a standing; recruitment of personnel for the Northern Rhodesia Regiment; the role played by traditional authorities in the recruitment of ‘Askari’ – the Foot Soldiers and the ‘Tenga-Tenga’ War Carriers and the role of government propaganda while bringing to the fore African agency during both Wars. Also discussed in the study is the demobilisation process in which African servicemen – the Foot Soldiers and the ‘Tenga-Tenga’ War Carriers – felt cheated by an Empire-wide system of racial discrimination and hierarchy. Although an expanded government propaganda machinery contributed to the growth of an African political voice in Northern Rhodesia during the period, 1914–1948, that political voice neither included nor translated to much debate or discussion about the concerns of African ex-servicemen and their personal affairs. The study equally examines how their state of affairs affected the relationship between the ex-servicemen and their traditional leaders who were active in the recruitment process that brought them into the Wars in the first place. The study concludes with the re-examination of the older arguments that African servicemen did not play an active role in nationalist politics after the World Wars, and submits otherwise, that is, that they actually did.

Breastfeeding experiences of women with gestational diabetes

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of breastfeeding women with gestational diabetes and to understand the meaning of breastfeeding for them and its encompassing context. Methods: Qualitative data were collected by interviewing 15 mothers with gestational diabetes. The transcript data from 5 focus group interviews and 2 individual interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: A core theme and 10 sub-themes emerged. The core theme that emerged was "the maternal commitment enabled for a limited time a way to compensate for guilt." Because mothers had to control their blood sugar levels before childbirth, they were worried about whether it would harm the newborn baby and thus searched for dietary information. After the babies were born and separated from their mothers, they were free from gestational diabetes. Mothers then felt guilty about their unhealthy bodies when they were pregnant. This regret provides a motivational context for breastfeeding. However, the mothers realized that breastfeeding requires commitment and dedication and that they need breastfeeding support, such as being provided practical help. Conclusion: The results showed that the breastfeeding intention of women with gestational diabetes might originate from their feelings of guilt. Therefore, an integrated breastfeeding program that combines the empathetic support of women with similar experiences and that shares practical information from experts should be implemented in a structured and systematic way.

An Appraisal on Curriculum of Islamic Learning in Higher Education with the Perspective of Paigham-e-Pakistan

Pakistan has been facing challenges of extremism and terrorism from the last two decades. It is important to find roots of extremism and violence in the society to formulate policies to combat the situation. Studies have shown that peace education plays vital role in bringing peace and harmony in the society. For this purpose it is important to review the existing curriculum in higher education institutions and to assess the need of addition of peace education in the curriculum. It is worth noting to study the curriculum of MS/M. Phil. Islamic studies to assess its effectiveness to promote tolerance, peace and harmony in the society which is the core theme of Paigham-e-Pakistan, the national narrative of government of Pakistan. The originality and value of this study is obvious to suggest the peace education in higher studies curriculum to promote peace, harmony and tolerance in the society.

An Appraisal on Curriculum of Islamic Learning in Higher Education with the Perspective of Paigham-e-Pakistan

Pakistan has been facing challenges of extremism and terrorism from the last two decades. It is important to find roots of extremism and violence in the society to formulate policies to combat the situation. Studies have shown that peace education plays vital role in bringing peace and harmony in the society. For this purpose it is important to review the existing curriculum in higher education institutions and to assess the need of addition of peace education in the curriculum. It is worth noting to study the curriculum of MS/M. Phil. Islamic studies to assess its effectiveness to promote tolerance, peace and harmony in the society which is the core theme of Paigham-e-Pakistan, the national narrative of government of Pakistan. The originality and value of this study is obvious to suggest the peace education in higher studies curriculum to promote peace, harmony and tolerance in the society.

Reforming the International Criminal Court (ICC): Progress, Perils and Pitfalls Post the ICC Review Process

Summary The International Criminal Court is a very controversial institution. It is extensively criticised by both its critics and its supporters. This article examines what steps have been taken to reform the Court. It considers issues such as the need for better communications and messaging by the Court. The paper takes up how and why the Court needs to engage better and in more far-reaching ways with a host of role players that affect the terrain in which the Court operates. It is argued that more reform is needed in how the Court is lead, how it operates, and who the judges and staff are. It is argued that greater diversity is needed at the Court. Also taken up are how the reach of the Court can be increased beyond only prosecutions, how the Court can assist states to prosecute more cases themselves, and how the Court can become more victim centred. A core theme is how state cooperation can be enhanced. A range of suggestions are made so as to enhance the role of the Court in the years to come.

A Century of Nonprofit Studies: Scaling the Knowledge of the Field

This empirical study examines knowledge production between 1925 and 2015 in nonprofit and philanthropic studies from quantitative and thematic perspectives. Quantitative results suggest that scholars in this field have been actively generating a considerable amount of literature and a solid intellectual base for developing this field toward a new discipline. Thematic analyses suggest that knowledge production in this field is also growing in cohesion—several main themes have been formed and actively advanced since 1980s, and the study of volunteering can be identified as a unique core theme of this field. The lack of geographic and cultural diversity is a critical challenge for advancing nonprofit studies. New paradigms are needed for developing this research field and mitigating the tension between academia and practice. Methodological and pedagogical implications, limitations, and future studies are discussed.

Introduction

This chapter provides an overview of the book: its aims, scope, and key themes. The chief project is to unearth how we figure out what our mathematically formulated, best physical theories tell us about the nature of the world, and how we figure out what these theories tell us when they can be mathematically formulated in different ways. The chapter outlines the core theme of taking the mathematics in which our best physical theories are formulated seriously; notes the background assumption of scientific realism; outlines the idea that direct formulations of physical theories are preferable; explains the idea of taking a theory’s metaphysical aspects seriously; and notes that one upshot of the account will be fewer cases of theoretical equivalence than usually thought.

LIVED EXPERIENCES OF WOMAN IN RELATION TO INFERTILITY – A REVIEW OF THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

In this article, we have analyzed the experiences of women with infertility. We were interested in what we can learn about their feelings, thoughts and problems by analyzing the results obtained in qualitative research. We analyzed 10 qualitative studies dealing with infertile women. Using the thematic analysis, we identified seven core themes: Motherhood, Stories of Infertility, All Colors of Feelings, Changes in Identity, Complexity of Partnership, Social Environment (Social Support), Coping Strategies. Each selected core theme includes a number of subthemes. The article explains in detail each selected theme, and their justification is supported by appropriate quotations.

Shivalinga : Symbolism, Typology and a Glance on Licchavi Shivalingas

The images that look like a male and a female organ have been discovered around the world and are marked as sacred since the establishment of civilization. What does this image symbolize? Why do Hindus worship it and why is it personified as lord Shiva? The concentration to answer these queries through descriptive analysis of the linga is tried in this article. Lingas are found in various civilizations, including Indus valley, but the perception varies. Its tangible and intangible form and several varieties are its typology. This article is mainly based on symbolism of linga for various societies and for earlier Aryans. Linga, though varies in form, is a phallic symbolism of creation which was not accepted by the Aryans at first due to its nudity and straightforwardness. But after the realization of its core theme that the linga is the composition of prakriti and purush, it made them eager to establish through its reformed reality rather than his anthropomorphic form in honor of their supreme god, the creator and a destroyer, no other than lord Shiva who self-emerged as jyotirlinga. Almost all the typologies including maximum varieties of manmade lingas are found around Kathmandu valley but the choice of Licchavis for the establishement of linga with its specific typology and theme are discussed.