Re-Ordering the World from the Skies? The Emergence and Justification of Aerial Warfare

2021 ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Thomas Hippler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Strategic Bombing ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
Aerial Warfare ◽  
New Form ◽  
Colonial Police

Thomas Hippler’s contribution focuses on the justifications of aerial bombing in the context of the inception of air warfare in the early twentieth century, especially, but not exclusively, in the realm of strategic thinking. The main purpose of the chapter is to point out the conceptions of international order behind the different justifications of aerial warfare and air strikes, in particular with regard to the strategic choice to target civil populations, which was first implemented through the concept of colonial ‘police bombing’ before being employed in strategic bombing campaigns. Hippler’s short genealogy of aerial bombings and their justifications interestingly reminds one of the local practices of declaring war and peace by early modern conquistadores (Arnulf Becker Lorca’s chapter) and nineteenth-century imperial agents (Lauren Benton’s chapter): as Thomas Hippler argues, with aerial warfare a new form of governance emerged, which (not least in its justification) points to a disturbing link to democracy.

David Brown's Divine Humanity

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
Kathryn Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Primary Indication ◽  
The World ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Way

The contributions of this fine book are many but I will concentrate on three, before turning to several more critical remarks.First, and most obviously, the book does the invaluable service of surveying developments in kenotic christology in the nineteenth century while situating them nicely in their different contexts of origin and with reference to lines of mutual influence: continental, Scottish and British trends are all canvassed rather masterfully. Some attention, in lesser detail, is also given to the way these christological trends are extended in the twentieth century to accounts of the Trinity and God's relation to the world generally: kenosis, the self-emptying or self-limiting action of God, in the incarnation, is now viewed as a primary indication of who God is and how God works, from creation to salvation.

War and peace among Kalahari San

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Guenther
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
North Western

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the discrepancy between ethnohistorical accounts on north-western Kalahari San of the nineteenth to early twentieth century and recent ethnographic accounts, the former depicting the San as intensely warlike, the latter as basically peaceable. Design/methodology/approach – Review of historical, ethnohistorical and ethnographic source material (reports, journal articles, monographs). Findings – The warlike ways of the nineteenth-century Kalahari San were reactions to settler intrusion, domination and encapsulation. This was met with resistance, a process that led to the rapid politicization and militarization, socially and ideationally, of San groups in the orbit of the intruders (especially the “tribal zone” they created). It culminated in internecine warfare, specifically raiding and feuding, amongst San bands and tribal groupings. Research limitations/implications – While the nineteenth-century Kalahari San were indeed warlike and aggressive, toward both intruders and one another, this fact does not warrant the conclusion that these “simple” hunter-gatherer people have an agonistic predisposition. Instead, of being integral to their sociality, bellicosity is historically contingent. In the absence of the historical circumstances that fuel San aggression and warfare, as was the case after and before the people's exposure and resistance to hegemonic intruders, San society and ethos, in conformity with the social structure and value orientation of simple, egalitarian band societies, is basically peaceful. Originality/value – A setting-the-record-straight corrective on current misunderstandings and misinformation on hunter-gatherer warfare.

Edwin Ginn's Commitment to World Government

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-429
Author(s):  
Arthur N. Holcombe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Politics ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Victorian Poetry ◽  
World Government ◽  
Ballistic Missiles ◽  
The World ◽  
Higher Law ◽  
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

Edwin Ginn's vision of world peace, as recorded in his last will and testament, involved him in a commitment to world government. World government, however, is an objective which seems to many mid-twentieth century observers of international politics excessively visionary. The nineteenth-century dream of a parliament of man, a federation of the world, fills a bright page in Victorian poetry. But much contemporary prose is written by men whose vision is obscured by space rockets, intercontinental ballistic missiles, atomic bombs, and other lethal weapons of ultramodern warfare. They see only a world of heavily armed, self-styled sovereign states bent on the protection of alleged vital interests and on the defense of so-called national honor with little patience for the restraints of any higher law designed to prevent them from making war upon one another.

scholarly journals Brazilian plant specimens at the Regnellian herbarium: history and repatriation

Rodriguésia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brazilian Flora

Abstract This article visits the history of Brazil-Sweden's partnership in botany and the contribution of Anders Fredrik Regnell and other botanical collectors to the knowledge of Brazilian flora. The importance of the herbarium of Stockholm (S) is widely recognized for its collections of Brazilian plants, one of the largest in the world. The majority of the collections from Brazil date from the period between the second half of nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. The main collectors of Brazilian flora from that phase, whose bulk of collections are in Stockholm are Anders Regnell, Gustaf Malme, Per Dusén, Carl Lindman and many others sponsored by the Regnellian fund. The herbarium also houses substantial collections of August Glaziou, a great contributor to the knowledge of the flora of state of Goiás, and Adolf Ducke, pioneer in the taxonomy of Amazonian tree species. The cooperation between Brazil and Sweden is currently being renewed through Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden and the Reflora Program, allowing repatriation of Brazilian specimens housed in Stockholm.

Global Islam: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nile Green
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Global Islam: A Very Short Introduction looks at the methods used by individuals, organizations, and states to spread multiple versions of Islam around the world. Since the late nineteenth century, publications, missions, congresses, and pilgrimages have contributed to the communication and evolution of Islam. At the start of the twentieth century, the infrastructure of European empire allowed for the widespread communication of Islamic beliefs. During a period of secularism in the mid-twentieth century, global Islam became more accessible and, in some cases, more political. How have today’s broadcasting and smartphone technologies changed the face of global Islam? Will communication technologies reconcile the contradictions between variations of the faith, or will they create new ones?

Anglicanism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Knight
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Church And State ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Oxford Movement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Mission History ◽  
Anglican Theology

This chapter analyses the ways nineteenth-century Anglicanism has been studied by scholars. Three different traditions of historiography are identified and explored. The first approach is interested in internal ecclesiastical debates, in relations between Church and state, and in wider social change. A brief discussion of the historiography of the Oxford Movement illustrates how academic approaches to this topic have developed since the 1840s. The second approach is scholarly immersion in nineteenth-century Anglican theology, which remained influential for most of the twentieth century. However, it fell out of favour from the 1980s, as new styles of theology became more fashionable. The third approach is the study of Anglicanism outside the British Isles. This developed from a focus on mission history and the development of the Anglican Communion, to more recent appreciation of global Anglicanism, seeking to do justice to the experience of Anglicans, wherever they live in the world.

Tracing the Fur Trade

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Cromwell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Interethnic Relationships

The origins of historical archaeology in the Pacific Northwest of North America in the mid-twentieth century concentrated on the excavations of British terrestrial fur trade forts, but little synthesis and inter-site comparisons of available data has been completed. This chapter presents a comparative typological analysis of these early-nineteenth-century British and Chinese ceramic wares recovered from the Northwest Company’s Fort Okanogan (ca. 1811–1821), Fort Spokane (ca. 1810–1821), Fort George (ca. 1811–1821) and the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Fort Vancouver (ca. 1825–1860). This study helps to reveal the extent that early Victorian ideals gave precedence to the supply of British manufactured goods to these colonial outposts on the opposite side of the world and what the presence of these ceramic wares may reveal about the complex interethnic relationships and socioeconomic statuses of the occupants of these forts and the Native Americans who engaged in trade with these forts.

Serbian Oral Tales of the AaTh 505-508 Type

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
Даниела Попович Николич
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Grateful Dead ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Dead Man ◽  
Oral Stories

Рассказ о благодарном мертвеце (AaTh 505-508) широко распространен в прозаическом фольклорном фонде многих народов мира. В его основе находится повествование о человеке, хоронящем мертвеца, который потом становится помощником и спутником, помогающим герою рассказа в женитьбе и приобретении богатства. В многочисленных исследованиях выделяются, среди прочего, разные варианты этого рассказа, определяются типы, модификации типов и их сложные взаимосвязи, регистрируются мотивы и сюжеты в письменных текстах, анализируются их сходства и отличия в рамках поэтических систем, к которым они относятся. В настоящей работе автор уделяет внимание тем вариантам этого рассказа, которые существуют в сербском прозаическом фонде, их тематическо-мотивной структуре, основным характеристикам главных персонажей в повествовательных ситуациях и событиях, а также сравнению с литературными источниками и элементам взаимопроникновения устных текстов разных жанров: сказки, легендарного рассказа и предания. Сербские устные рассказы о благодарном мертвеце записывались с первой половины XIX в., имеются и записи более позднего времени - второй половины XX в. Зафиксированные в самых ранних перечнях вариантов, эти рассказы свидетельствуют о наличии определенных международных моделей, а также о примерах их модификации в разных масштабах, в зависимости от территории и рамок традиции. The tale of the grateful dead man (AaTh 505-508) is widely known in the folklore of many nations of the world. In it the protagnist buries a dead man who comes alive and turns into the protagonist’s ally and companion and who helps the hero marry and acquire wealth. In this article, the author concentrates on the variants of this folktale type in Serbian, examining their theme-motif structure and the essential characteristics of the main protagonists. She also analyzes their literary sources and the interpenetration of oral texts of different genres (fairy tales, legendary stories and legends). Serbian oral stories about the grateful dead have been recorded since the first half of the nineteenth century; there are also accounts from the second half of the twentieth century. These stories, for which their earliest variants are preserved, reveal the existence of particuar international types as well as of adaptations to particular locations and traditions.

What Kissinger Feels in His Bones

Worldview ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Thomas Jefferson ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
New Nation

Bill Moyers: When Thomas Jefferson became Secretary of State in 1790 there were to be representatives of four foreign countries in Washington-Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Spain. Jefferson's chief problems were to negotiate commercial relations with each of the four countries, to gain from three of them control of territory surrounding the new nation, and to maintain neutrality in the war that raged between two of them.Now there are 128 diplomatic missions in Washington, and while the chief problems continue to be commerce, war, and peace, the world is a far more complicated place. As we move toward the end of the twentieth century the problems we face are a crisscrossing web of issues, each of which is tangled with the next, so that today's solution may be tomorrow's headache or war.

Toward a Postmodern Theory of Law

1998 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Ana Julia Bozo de Carmona
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Postmodern Theory ◽  
Systemic Theory ◽  
Cultural Paradigm ◽  
The World ◽  
New Form ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
Legal Concepts

Law at the end of the twentieth century is a practice based on legal-philosophical concepts such as the representational theory of truth, neutrality, universality, and legitimacy. The content of such concepts responds to the tradition of the western cultural paradigm. We share the experience of fragmentation in this cultural unanimity: we live in a world of heterogeneousness and multiplicity that upholds the claims of different concepts of the world and of life shared by dwellers in microspaces. The theory of law should be adapted to take this experience into account. We propose a change in direction oriented toward the creation of operational legal concepts: creative justice, perspectivist rationality, a systemic theory of truth and a judicial process that guarantees the multicultural experience. Postmodernity affirms the urgent need for a new form of legal reasoning.

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