What Kissinger Feels in His Bones

Worldview ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Thomas Jefferson ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
New Nation

Bill Moyers: When Thomas Jefferson became Secretary of State in 1790 there were to be representatives of four foreign countries in Washington-Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Spain. Jefferson's chief problems were to negotiate commercial relations with each of the four countries, to gain from three of them control of territory surrounding the new nation, and to maintain neutrality in the war that raged between two of them.Now there are 128 diplomatic missions in Washington, and while the chief problems continue to be commerce, war, and peace, the world is a far more complicated place. As we move toward the end of the twentieth century the problems we face are a crisscrossing web of issues, each of which is tangled with the next, so that today's solution may be tomorrow's headache or war.

The International Role of the Library of Congress: A Brief History

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
John Y. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Thomas Jefferson ◽  
American People ◽  
Library Of Congress ◽  
National Library ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
The World ◽  
International Role ◽  
National Legislature

The Library of Congress was established by the American national legislature in 1800. It had comprehensive collecting policies from the beginning, as Thomas Jefferson, its principal founder, believed that a democratic legislature needed information and ideas in all subjects and from all parts of the world in order to do its job. By the second half of the nineteenth century it had come to be regarded as the national library of the American people, and by the twentieth century had moved into a position of world leadership with such developments as the LC classification and the MARC format, so becoming a truly international library in scope and service.

Environmental Impact of Dutch Military Activities

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J.M. Vertegaal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Rare Elements ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military ◽  
Degradation Problem

Mostly for political reasons, rather little research has been done on the environmental impacts of military activities. However, some data on this theme have been collected, especially in North America, the Federal Republic of Germany, and The Netherlands. In this last-mentioned country the overall military environmental impact appears to be considerable, and can be compared qualitatively and quantitatively with the pressures on the environment which other economic sectors impose.The contribution of the military sector to the world-wide environmental degradation problem is estimated at more than 6%, resulting from its share in the gross international product and the heavy character of military practice in both war and peace-time. In The Netherlands this share appears to be about 2 to 5%, which can be deduced from the military share in the national total consumption of energy. The military use of such poisonous and often rare elements as thallium, thorium, copper, beryllium, cadmium, zinc, and lead, varies from about 10 to 40% of their total national use.

Afterlives

Melania ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Penn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

In 1903, the Vatican’s secretary of state, Cardinal Mariano Rampolla was heir apparent to the papacy. But he became unexpectedly out of a job due to a veto by the Austro-Hungarian emperor. Rampolla retreated to a life of scholarship to edit a manuscript he had discovered in a monastic library decades earlier, Gerontius’s Life of Melania the Younger. Rampolla’s publication spawned a series of early twentieth-century reactions to Melania’s biography. This work sometimes appeared in scholarly journals. Much appeared in popular press articles such as one that compared Melania’s fasts to those of early twentieth-century suffragettes’ or a series of newspaper headlines referring to “the richest woman in the history of the world!” The hagiography also inspired early twentieth-century imitations, such as Sainte Mélanie, a pious and expanded version of Melania’s Life. This chapter examines an earlier rediscovery of this “indomitable little saint” who was seen as “Richer than Rockefeller.”

Re-Ordering the World from the Skies? The Emergence and Justification of Aerial Warfare

2021 ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Thomas Hippler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Strategic Bombing ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
Aerial Warfare ◽  
New Form ◽  
Colonial Police

Thomas Hippler’s contribution focuses on the justifications of aerial bombing in the context of the inception of air warfare in the early twentieth century, especially, but not exclusively, in the realm of strategic thinking. The main purpose of the chapter is to point out the conceptions of international order behind the different justifications of aerial warfare and air strikes, in particular with regard to the strategic choice to target civil populations, which was first implemented through the concept of colonial ‘police bombing’ before being employed in strategic bombing campaigns. Hippler’s short genealogy of aerial bombings and their justifications interestingly reminds one of the local practices of declaring war and peace by early modern conquistadores (Arnulf Becker Lorca’s chapter) and nineteenth-century imperial agents (Lauren Benton’s chapter): as Thomas Hippler argues, with aerial warfare a new form of governance emerged, which (not least in its justification) points to a disturbing link to democracy.

Introduction

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Foreign Competition ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Great Problem ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Pork Barrel ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World

This introductory chapter discusses the background of the Smoot–Hawley tariff, which President Herbert Hoover signed into law on June 17, 1930. The Smoot–Hawley tariff ranks among the most infamous pieces of congressional legislation of the twentieth century. Although imports were not surging into the country or causing any great problem for the economy, Congress raised tariffs on imported goods with the intention of protecting farmers and manufacturers from what little foreign competition they faced. In doing so, they did not follow any economic logic or consider the interests of consumers and exporters who would be harmed by the tariffs. Instead, they engaged in the most blatant form of pork-barrel politics, catering to the demands of special interests that wanted to limit imports. Not surprisingly, several foreign countries retaliated by imposing duties on U.S. exports. These trade restrictions spread just as the world economy was beginning to sink into a depression. The contribution of the Smoot–Hawley tariff to the collapse of trade and the Great Depression of the 1930s has been debated ever since.

The World Opens Up, 1900-1924

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurjen A. Zeilstra
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Karl Barth ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
The World ◽  
World Council ◽  
Student Society ◽  
Early Influences

This chapter traces Wim Visser ’t Hooft’s life from his birth at the beginning of the twentieth century in Haarlem in the Netherlands to his move to Geneva as international secretary for the YMCA in 1924. The chapter stresses his patrician and Remonstrant background, pointing out how this background shaped his worldview and taught him to think and act independently and on his own initiative. The chapter also traces important early influences on his thinking and theology, such as the NCSV (Dutch Christian Student Society) and Karl Barth. His work in student relief after the war showcased his networking and problem-solving capabilities. The qualities he developed were decisive for his career in the World Council of Churches.

scholarly journals Witchcraft, Calvinism and Rural Society in the Netherlands: Storytelling in the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
John Exalto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
World View ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Linear Process ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
Rural Context ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
The Devil

Abstract The disenchantment of the world initiated by the Enlightenment was not a linear process. Folktales show that a magical world-view persisted in rural society until about 1900. An analysis of two types of folktales demonstrates that even in orthodox Calvinism there were people to whom witchcraft was ascribed. The persistence of belief in witchcraft must be explained both from the rural context and in light of orthodox Calvinism, which held a literal belief in the powers of good and evil personified by God and the devil.

Development of the Jewish religious movement "Khabad" in Ukraine in the 20's of the twentieth century

2001 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
O. V. Kozerod
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Important Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Problems

The development of the Jewish religious movement "Khabad" and its organizations in the first quarter of the twentieth century - one of the important research problems, which is still practically not considered in the domestic Judaica. At the same time, this problem is relevant in connection with the fact that the religious movement "Khabad" during the twentieth century became the most widespread and influential area of Judaism in Ukraine and throughout the world.

Coda: The Rosetta Stone

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Schotter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Digital Code ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Rosetta Stone ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Imagination ◽  
Origin Point

Hieroglyphs have persisted for so long in the Western imagination because of the malleability of their metaphorical meanings. Emblems of readability and unreadability, universality and difference, writing and film, writing and digital media, hieroglyphs serve to encompass many of the central tensions in understandings of race, nation, language and media in the twentieth century. For Pound and Lindsay, they served as inspirations for a more direct and universal form of writing; for Woolf, as a way of treating the new medium of film and our perceptions of the world as a kind of language. For Conrad and Welles, they embodied the hybridity of writing or the images of film; for al-Hakim and Mahfouz, the persistence of links between ancient Pharaonic civilisation and a newly independent Egypt. For Joyce, hieroglyphs symbolised the origin point for the world’s cultures and nations; for Pynchon, the connection between digital code and the novel. In their modernist interpretations and applications, hieroglyphs bring together writing and new media technologies, language and the material world, and all the nations and languages of the globe....

Modernism, Empiricism, and Rationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Squires
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Irish Poetry ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Out

Modernism is usually defined historically as the composite movement at the beginning of the twentieth century which led to a radical break with what had gone before in literature and the other arts. Given the problems of the continuing use of the concept to cover subsequent writing, this essay proposes an alternative, philosophical perspective which explores the impact of rationalism (what we bring to the world) on the prevailing empiricism (what we take from the world) of modern poetry, which leads to a concern with consciousness rather than experience. This in turn involves a re-conceptualisation of the lyric or narrative I, of language itself as a phenomenon, and of other poetic themes such as nature, culture, history, and art. Against the background of the dominant empiricism of modern Irish poetry as presented in Crotty's anthology, the essay explores these ideas in terms of a small number of poets who may be considered modernist in various ways. This does not rule out modernist elements in some other poets and the initial distinction between a poetics of experience and one of consciousness is better seen as a multi-dimensional spectrum that requires further, more detailed analysis than is possible here.

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