(Mis)managing the Border

Line on Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 63-123
Author(s):  
Happymon Jacob
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Monitoring Group ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
International Border

This chapter examines the management of the India–Pakistan border with particular reference to the border in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the various terminologies used in the context of the India–Pakistan border. It provides a historical overview of the early role played by the United Nations (UN) monitoring group in helping the management of the India–Pakistan borders in J&K as well as the occasional, though minor, reworking of the border that took place between India and Pakistan in the 1950s and 1960s. The chapter then outlines the various border management practices and mechanisms used by India and Pakistan in managing the International Border (IB) and the Line of Control (LoC). The chapter provides a technical and historical background to understanding the occurrence of CFVs on the LoC and IB in J&K.

The United Nations and the homecoming of displaced populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (301) ◽  
pp. 340-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Allen
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Displaced Populations ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
International Border

According to UNHCR figures, in 1970 there were 2.5 million refugees in the world. In 1980, the figure was 11 million. By the early 1990s, the alarming spread of civil wars was prompting an average of 10,000 people a day to flee across an international border. In 1993, the estimated number of refugees had risen to 18.2 million. In addition there were at least 24 million people who been forcibly displaced within their own countries (UNHCR, 1993:1). In 1994, the situation has deteriorated further, particularly in Africa. In the past few weeks, well over a million refugees have fled the fighting in Rwanda.

La Ley Maldita: The Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-125
Author(s):  
James Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Mining Regions

This chapter explains Chileans' contributions to the origins of the larger Cold War from 1947 into the 1950s. It incorporates the González administration's conflicts with Chilean Communists and the Soviet bloc, from events in Santiago and Chile's coal mining regions to those in Prague, Bogotá, and the United Nations, into the unfolding global conflict, thus reframing the passing of the Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy, which banned the Chilean Communist Party.

Intervention, 1956

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quincy Wright
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Legal Justification ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Military

The military interventions initiated by Israel, the United Kingdom, and France in Egypt and by the Soviet Union in Hungary, during October and November, 1956, have different historical backgrounds and different political purposes. They may have been politically connected with one another, and in any case they were connected by the fact that they occurred at the same time and were all dealt with by the United Nations. It is the purpose of this article to examine the legal justification for these interventions with only the minimum historical background necessary for that purpose. The criteria for aggression which the writer developed in the July, 1956, number of this Journal will be assumed and for their justification the reader is referred to that article.

Korean Communists and Yenan

1962 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 182-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong-Sik Lee
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Chinese Policy ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Korean Politics

Until the Chinese “volunteers” crossed the Yalu in November 1950, the Chinese involvement in North Korean politics seems to have been minimal. And yet, when the North Korean régime's very life and the Chinese border were threatened by the massive assault of the United Nations forces, the Chinese quickly came to the aid of the North Koreans. What is Chinese policy toward Korea? What are the prospects for Sino-Korean relations? Such questions will concern us for a long time. This article details part of the historical background to them.

scholarly journals Is There an International Criminal Law?

1969 ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
L. C. Green
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Relationship

In this pragmatic discussion of international criminal law, the author provides both an analytic and historical overview of the jurisprudence. The roles of treaties, conventions, and the United Nations are presented as the relationship between international and domestic criminal law is explored. In this process, the author distinguishes international legal posturing from bona fide attempts to create an international criminal law.

scholarly journals The Dingo Barrier Fence: Presenting the case to decommission the world’s longest environmental barrier in the United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Reconstruction 2021–2030

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Philip
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Environmental Barrier ◽  
Ecosystem Reconstruction ◽  
The United Nations

AbstractThe longest environmental barrier in the world is Australia's 5614 km Dingo Barrier Fence. The structure was completed in the 1950s, designed to facilitate the eradication of the country's apex predator and cultural keystone species the dingo (Canis dingo) from sheep (Ovis aries) grazing areas to the south-east of the continent. The fence and its support systems now present an immense obstacle to ecological restoration in Australia's arid zone, preventing traditional management practices, and are hazardous to all terrestrial wildlife in the immediate vicinity. The barrier presents a worst-case scenario for animal-generated seed dispersal patterns over the wider region and limits genetic transfer. Plummeting biodiversity inside the fence line and increasing pressures of climate change have left this region highly vulnerable to ecological collapse. Concurrently, sheep numbers have contracted over 75% in the arid zone since 1991, due to market forces and climate change, while demand for ethically produced goods such as predator-friendly meat production and organic produce is increasing. Decommissioning the Dingo Barrier Fence, moving the stock protection zone south and diversifying land use would not impact significantly on the current livestock production. It offers a sound economic alternative for the region, with the potential for regeneration of 82 million hectares of land, a scale encouraged for inclusion in the global initiative the United Nations Decade for Ecosystem Reconstruction (2021–2030). This would restore connectivity across the region, including vital access to the waters of the Murray Darling Basin. This would provide mitigation for the effects of climate change, new markets in organic and sustainable industries, and support ecological and cultural renewal.

NEPALESE GOVERNMENTAL ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1950s AND EARLY 1960s: AN ATTEMPT TO INSTITUTIONALIZE EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTING

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Adhikari ◽  
Frode Mellemvik
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Development ◽  
Political Change ◽  
The Political ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Institutional Forces ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Government

This paper aims at disseminating knowledge about the evolution of expenditure accounting in the government of Nepal. In doing so, the paper examines emerging ideas in the aftermath of the political change of 1951 in Nepal, and traces the processes of development and institutionalization of expenditure accounting during the course of two decades, the 1950s and early 1960s, with particular reference to the institutional forces at work. An interesting feature of Nepalese accounting reforms before and after the political change was the active participation of India, the United Nations, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). At the outset of the post-Rana period, Indian advisors dominated the reform process and helped Nepal introduce and incorporate a range of modern administrative measures, including a new budgeting structure called line-item budgeting. The external influence on Nepal's reforms and the ways of installing new values in the administration altered in the second half of the 1950s. The United Nations and the USAID became the major agents in the introduction and institutionalization of rules and practices, especially accounting norms and procedures.

3. Basic Principles for a Plebiscite Proposed by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, to the Governments of India and Pakistan, December 11, 1948

1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-393
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
The State ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
International Standing ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Government

A. The Commission reaffirms its resolution of 13 August 1948.B. The Governments of India and Pakistan simultaneously accept supplementary to this resolution the following principles:1. The question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite.2. A plebiscite will be held when it shall be found by the Commission that the cease-fire and truce arrangements set forth in Parts I and II of the Commission's resolution of 13 August 1948 have been carried out and arrangements for the plebiscite have been completed.3. a. The Secretary-General of the United Nations wiH, in agreement with the Commission, nominate a Plebiscite Administrator who shall be a personality of high international standing and commanding general confidence. He will be formally appointed to office by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir.b. The Plebiscite Administrator shall derive from the State of Jammu and Kashmir the powers he considers necessary for organizing and conducting the plebiscite and for ensuring the freedom and impartiality of the plebiscite.c. The Plebiscite Administrator shall have authority to appoint such staff of assistants and observers as he may require.

The Kashmir Dispute After Six Years

1953 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Korbel
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
The State ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
The United Nations

Six years have passed since the conflict between India and Pakistan over the State of Jammu and Kashmir was put on the agenda of the Security Council. The United Nations has tried incessantly to bring it to a final and peaceful settlement but with no success. The issue continues to evade its efforts, which have been limited to mediation, and still rests finally with the parties in dispute, the governments of India and Pakistan.

The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Lourié
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Actual Settlement ◽  
Political Settlement

Though the United Nations has succeeded to only a limited extent in bringing about the actual settlement or adjustment of disputes and threatening situations that have been brought to its attention, it has achieved a considerable measure of success in its efforts to bring fighting to an end and to assist the parties in maintaining the cessation of hostilities to which they have agreed. In Indonesia, the United Nations was able to follow up its success in inducing the parties to agree to a cease-fire with a valuable assist in the negotiation of a final political settlement. In Palestine, however, the United Nations contribution has been largely limited to getting the states directly involved in the fighting to agree to a cease-fire, and then to armistice agreements. The political issues involved seem as far from resolution as ever. In dealing with the dispute between India and Pakistan over the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the United Nations has likewise found itself unable to get the parties to agree on a political settlement. Nevertheless, fighting has been brought to an end, and the United; Nations has played an important part in achieving that result.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document