Reproductive system

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Chenery-Morris ◽  
Aileen Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Clinical Procedures ◽  
Operative Care

This chapter describes a number of clinical procedures related to the reproductive system that commonly occur in children. After completing this chapter you will have a working knowledge of the reproductive system and will have accomplished the following learning objectives. After reading this chapter you should be able to: ● Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive system including the external genitalia, the ovaries, the accessory reproductive structures, and the mammary glands. ● Describe the ovarian and menstrual cycles and the hormones that regulate them. ● Describe the anatomy of the male reproductive system including the external genitalia, the testes, the internal ducts, and the glands. ● Discuss the procedures involved in preparing the child for pelvic examination, demonstrating an awareness of the cultural, ethical, and legal implications of this examination. ● Explain and prepare the child for a swab procedure. ● Undertake the post-operative care of dressings on genitalia. Before embarking on this chapter it would be helpful to read through Chapter Two and Chapter Four, to provide you with relevant background skills required in this context. Informed consent and child protection are quite important related issues, and are covered in great detail in Chapter Four. The initial part of this chapter describes the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system as a background towards understanding the relevant nursing care. This discussion is not intended to replace detailed study of anatomy and physiology, and for further and more detailed instruction on the topic you ought to consult a key text such as Martini & Nath (2008). The female reproductive system is regulated in a cyclical manner by hormones. The onset of the first menstrual cycle (menarche) occurs at puberty, and the female has the capacity to become pregnant up until the menopause, when the menstrual cycle ceases. The essential sex organs of the female reproductive system are the ovaries, which release one ovum (egg) each month. The fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and the mammary glands (breasts) make up the female accessory reproductive structures. The anatomy of the female reproductive system is illustrated in Figure 16.1.

scholarly journals Teaching blind women about the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system through educational manual

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-761
Author(s):  
Mariana Gonçalves de Oliveira ◽  
Aline Cruz Esmeraldo Áfio ◽  
Paulo Cesar de Almeida ◽  
Márcia Maria Tavares Machado ◽  
Ana Cristina Lindsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Educational Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Methodological Development ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Individual Reading

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate blind women’s learning on the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system through the use of an educational material. Methods: methodological development study performed with blind women. The participants responded the pre-test to evaluate their knowledge on sexual and reproductive health and received a manual on anatomy and the reproduction of the physiology After an individual reading, in a period ranging from three to fifteen days, they responded the post-test. Results: there was an increase of correct answers in the post-test in all the items in relation to the categories of The Woman's Body and How One Gets Pregnant becoming significant in the following knowledge of “clitoris increases with the woman excited" (p=0.009), “the function of the vagina in a sexual intercourse "(p<0.001), “How does fertilization occurs”(p<0.001) and "the ovulating period" (p<0.001). Conclusions: the manual enabled the participants to learn about the female anatomy and the physiology of fertilization after educational assistive technology.

scholarly journals Chemotherapeutic Nanoparticles Accumulate in the Female Reproductive System during Ovulation Affecting Fertility and Anticancer Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Poley ◽  
Yael Shammai ◽  
Maya Kaduri ◽  
Lilach Koren ◽  
Omer Adir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Free Drug ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ovarian Toxicity

AbstractThroughout the female menstrual cycle, physiological changes occur that affect the biodistribution of nanoparticles within the reproductive system. This can have positive or negative effects. We demonstrate a 2-fold increase in nanoparticle accumulation in the ovaries during female mouse ovulation compared to the non-ovulatory stage following intravenous administration. Accumulation in the reproductive system is favored by nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm. Chemotherapeutic nanoparticles administered during ovulation increased ovarian toxicity and decreased short-term and long-term fertility when compared to the free drug. Breast cancer treated with nanomedicines during ovulation results in higher drug accumulation in the reproductive system rather than at the site of the tumor, reducing treatment efficacy. Conversely, ovarian cancer treatment was improved by enhanced nanoparticle accumulation in the ovaries during ovulation. Our findings suggest that the menstrual cycle should be considered when designing and implementing nanotherapeutics for females.

scholarly journals How young female adolescents understand their pubertal body changes and reproductive system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Rony Nayoan ◽  
Elizabeth Hoban ◽  
Joanne Williams
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Young Female ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Body Mapping ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Mapping Exercise

Abstract Background: Female adolescents undergo drastic changes in their bodies during puberty. Therefore, they need to be informed about these pending changes at an early age so they can build a foundation for healthy reproductive behaviour. This study explored young female adolescents’ understanding of pubertal body changes and knowledge of their reproductive system. Method: Female students in grades seven, eight and nine were recruited from eight junior high schools in Kupang, Indonesia. Body mapping was conducted together with a semi-structured interview. Data was analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Result: The median age of participants was 13 years and more than 85% had experienced menstruation. During interviews participants listed their pubertal body changes and then located the female reproductive system on body maps. Two main themes emerged in regards to participants’ perceived pubertal body changes and understanding of reproductive system. Participants aware the changes in their five body areas and could name one or two organs in the female reproductive system but they were unable to locate them on the body maps. The body mapping exercise revealed that participants have limited knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. Conclusion: Young female adolescents demonstrated sound knowledge of pubertal body changes. However, they lacked an accurate understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. The study identified a gap in young female adolescents' knowledge about the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. This study provides evidence on the value of using the body mapping exercise in conjunction with semi-structured interviews in research with young female adolescents on a sensitive topic.

The menstrual cycle

2020 ◽  
pp. 500-510
Author(s):  
Lucy H.R. Whitaker ◽  
Karolina Skorupskaite ◽  
Jacqueline A. Maybin ◽  
Hilary O.D. Critchley
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Targeted Therapies ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
External World ◽  
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Personalized Approach

The female human reproductive system comprises the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis and the reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina). The principal functions of this system are to produce an ovum, enable its fertilization and implantation, and allow growth and safe expulsion of the fetus into the external world. The menstrual cycle is critical for facilitation of the initial steps of this raison d’etre of the female reproductive system. As a greater understanding of the menstrual cycle biology is garnered, therapies that directly target pathways underpinning the regulation of normal and heavy menstrual bleeding are likely to emerge. Such future targeted therapies have the potential to offer a more personalized approach to management with minimization of undesirable side effects.

scholarly journals Non-hormonal therapy of patients with fibrocystic mastopathy in combination with endometrial hyperplasia

2022 ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
I. O. Borovikov ◽  
I. I. Kutsenko ◽  
V. P. Bulgakova ◽  
O. I. Borovikova
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Endometrial Hyperplasia ◽  
Nipple Discharge ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Fibrocystic Mastopathy ◽  
Group I

Introduction. The article presents a comparative analysis of the treatment of patients with combined estrogen-dependent pathology of female reproductive system: fibrocystic mastopathy and endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. The experience of treatment with an indole-carbinol-containing drug as monotherapy while using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system is presented.Aim. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of indolecarbinol in the treatment of patients with combined estrogen-dependent pathology of the female reproductive system.Materials and methods. The authors studied the responses to the treatment of patients with fibrocystic mastopathy and simple endometrial hyperplasia (n = 65) with the indole-carbinol-containing drug at a dose of 400 mg once daily for 12 months. All patients were divided into two groups: Group I (n = 32) – women who refused hormone therapy (indole-carbinol monotherapy); Group II (n = 33) – the use of indole-carbinol while using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Diagnostic methods: clinical and laboratory examination, ultrasound examination of mammary glands and pelvic organs, mammography, nipple discharge cytology at baseline and 6 and 12 months after the start of therapy. Before study group assignment to treatment, all patients underwent hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy and histological examination. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data: p-values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results and discussion. The presented experience in treating women with combined pathology of the female reproductive system (fibrocystic mastopathy and endometrial hyperplasia without atypia) with the indole-carbinol-containing drug showed high clinical efficacy in mastopathy (relief of mastodynia (83.0 ± 1.6%), improvement of the ultrasound view of BI-RADS (66.1 ± 1.4%), reductions in mammographic density (66.1 ± 2.1%, p < 0.05)), high tolerability and satisfactory compliance. This drug combined with hormone therapy is recommended for the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia.Сonclusion. The use of indole-carbinol in the treatment of benign hyperplastic processes in mammary glands and endometrial hyperplasia is pathogenetically substantiated and shows high clinical efficacy

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