The menstrual cycle

2020 ◽  
pp. 500-510
Author(s):  
Lucy H.R. Whitaker ◽  
Karolina Skorupskaite ◽  
Jacqueline A. Maybin ◽  
Hilary O.D. Critchley
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Targeted Therapies ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
External World ◽  
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Personalized Approach

The female human reproductive system comprises the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis and the reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina). The principal functions of this system are to produce an ovum, enable its fertilization and implantation, and allow growth and safe expulsion of the fetus into the external world. The menstrual cycle is critical for facilitation of the initial steps of this raison d’etre of the female reproductive system. As a greater understanding of the menstrual cycle biology is garnered, therapies that directly target pathways underpinning the regulation of normal and heavy menstrual bleeding are likely to emerge. Such future targeted therapies have the potential to offer a more personalized approach to management with minimization of undesirable side effects.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Kedelai terhadap Sistem Reproduksi

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Rizky Aprilia Wikayanti ◽  
Andre Parmonangan Panjaitan
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Free Concentration ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Lh Secretion

Kedelai merupakan tanaman Leguminoceae, yang mengandung senyawa isoflavon. Struktur kimianya menyerupai 17β-estradiol yang memiliki kemampuan untuk berikatan dengan reseptor estrogen yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap sistem reproduksi manusia. Tujuan literatur review ini untuk mengetahui efek kedelai terhadap sistem reproduksi manusia. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode literatur review dari 50 artikel PubMed NCBI, Elsevier dan BMJ Journal yang diperoleh hanya 38 artikel yang digumakan dari tahun 2000 sampai dengan tahun 2018. Berbagai penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa kedelai memiliki efek terhadap sistem reproduksi manusia. Kedelai dapat menyebabkan sekresi FSH, sekresi LH menurun dan meningkatkan konsentrasi estradiol bebas. Penurunan FSH dan LH dapat menyebabkan gangguan dalam siklus menstruasi terutama pada fase folikular dan  ovulasi, jika fase folikular terganggu maka siklus menstruasi akan menjadi  tidak teratur. Selain itu fitoestrogen yang terkandung dalam kedelai diketahui dapat menghambat 17-β hidroksisteroidoksidoreduktase sehingga mengakibatkan penurunan kadar testosteron.   Kata kunci: kedelai, manusia, reproduksi   THE ROLE OF SOYBEAN FOR REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM   ABSTRACT Soybean is a Leguminoceae plant, which contains isoflavone compounds. Its chemical structure resembles 17β-estradiol which has ability to bind to estrogen receptors which can affect the human reproductive system. The purpose of this review literature is to determine the effect of soy on the human reproductive system. Using research articles and books related to the effect of soy on the reproductive system from 2000 to 2018. Various experimental studies conducted showed that soy has an effect on the human reproductive system. Soy can cause FSH secretion, decreased LH secretion and increasing the free concentration of estradiol. Decreased FSH and LH can cause disruption in the menstrual cycle, especially in the follicular phase and ovulation, if the follicular phase is disrupted then the menstrual cycle will become irregular. In addition, phytoestrogens contained in soy are known to inhibit 17-β hydroxysteroidoxidoreductase, resulting in a decrease in testosterone levels.   Keywords : human, reproductive, soybean

scholarly journals The Concept of Male Reproductive Anatomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyovwi Mega Obukohwo ◽  
Nwangwa Eze Kingsley ◽  
Rotu Arientare Rume ◽  
Emojevwe Victor
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Male Reproductive System ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Reproductive Anatomy

The human reproductive system is made up of the primary and secondary organs, which helps to enhances reproduction. The male reproductive system is designed to produce male gametes and convey them to the female reproductive tract through the use of supportive fluids and testosterone synthesis. The paired testis (site of testosterone and sperm generation), scrotum (compartment for testis localisation), epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, ejaculatory duct, urethra, and penis are the parts of the male reproductive system. The auxiliary organs aid in the maturation and transportation of sperm. Semen is made up of sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands (the ejaculate). Ejaculate is delivered to the female reproduc¬tive tract by the penis and urethra. The anatomy, embryology and functions of the male reproductive system are discussed in this chapter.

Bioregulatory opportunities of Viburkol and Limphomiozot medicines in obstetries and gynecology

2016 ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
O. Ostapenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Labor Pain ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Favorable Safety

Modern obstetrics and gynecology use a wide range of medicines (drugs) when accompanied by pregnancy and childbirth (miscarriage, discoordination labor, labor pain relief), diseases of the female reproductive system (inflammation, dishormonal disorders, etc.). Among the traditional drugs most widely used antibiotics, NSAIDs, analgesics, antispasmodics, hormones. These drugs, along with the achievement of rapid and pronounced therapeutic effects cause different side effects, and have a number of contra-indications (diseases of the liver, the pancreas, the risk of thrombosis, the development of immunodeficiency, etc.) [12]. In this regard, special attention and care requires the use of drugs in pregnant women and nursing mothers. Also relevant is the increase of efficiency of treatment of many gynecological diseases. All these and many other factors encourage to search for new – more effective and safer treatment approaches and drugs, including pathogenesis [12,22]. The review presents brief characteristics and clinical researches on the use and integrated bioregulatory approach through the use of complex combination bioregulatory medicines (CBM) Viburkol, Limphomiozot, Limphomiozot N in obstetrics and in various diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system [1–3]. The research results show that the inclusion of one or more of the CBM in the traditional treatment help reduce the duration of therapy, a decrease in some side effects, and in some cases rejection of it. In addition, they do not burden for opportunistic diseases, tolerated well and have a favorable safety profile, can be used during pregnancy and lactation [4–22]. Key words: Viburkol, Limphomiozot, Limphomiozot N, bioregulatory approach, combination bioregulatory medicines, obstetrics, gynecology, diseases of the female reproductive system.

The Female Reproductive System of the Australian Gastric Brooding Frog, Rheobatrachus silus (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Horton ◽  
MJ Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Mean Diameter

The digestive tract of females of the Australian frog Rheobatrachus silus is highly modified to permit the stomach to become a brood sac, but the reproductive tract retains the basic anuran pattern and lacks major modifications. Its only unique feature is a tendency towards asymmetry in the lobes and egg complements of the ovaries. The oocytes are unpigmented and when mature have a mean diameter of up to 4.7 mm. The oocyte complement occasionally far exceeds the number of tadpoles or frogs observed to be carried in the stomach. Comparison with the tree frog Litoria rothii and the fossorial Neobatrachus centralis indicates that R. silus has far fewer ovarian lobes. larger and many fewer oocytes, and a much less convoluted oviduct.

scholarly journals Chemotherapeutic Nanoparticles Accumulate in the Female Reproductive System during Ovulation Affecting Fertility and Anticancer Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Poley ◽  
Yael Shammai ◽  
Maya Kaduri ◽  
Lilach Koren ◽  
Omer Adir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Free Drug ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ovarian Toxicity

AbstractThroughout the female menstrual cycle, physiological changes occur that affect the biodistribution of nanoparticles within the reproductive system. This can have positive or negative effects. We demonstrate a 2-fold increase in nanoparticle accumulation in the ovaries during female mouse ovulation compared to the non-ovulatory stage following intravenous administration. Accumulation in the reproductive system is favored by nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm. Chemotherapeutic nanoparticles administered during ovulation increased ovarian toxicity and decreased short-term and long-term fertility when compared to the free drug. Breast cancer treated with nanomedicines during ovulation results in higher drug accumulation in the reproductive system rather than at the site of the tumor, reducing treatment efficacy. Conversely, ovarian cancer treatment was improved by enhanced nanoparticle accumulation in the ovaries during ovulation. Our findings suggest that the menstrual cycle should be considered when designing and implementing nanotherapeutics for females.

Expression of NK1 receptor at the protein and mRNA level in the porcine female reproductive system

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-477
Author(s):  
R. Bukowski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Nk1 Receptor ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Arterial Blood

Abstract The presence and distribution of substance P (SP) receptor NK1 was studied in the ovary, the oviduct and the uterus (uterine horn and cervix) of the domestic pig using the methods of molecular biology (RT-PCR and immunoblot) and immunohistochemistry. The expression of NK1 receptor at mRNA level was confirmed with RT-PCR in all the studied parts of the porcine female reproductive system by the presence of 525 bp PCR product and at the protein level by the detection of 46 kDa protein band in immunoblot. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the cellular distribution of NK1 receptor protein. In the ovary NKI receptor was present in the wall of arterial blood vessels, as well as in ovarian follicles of different stages of development. In the tubular organs the NK1 receptor immunohistochemical stainings were observed in the wall of the arterial blood vessels, in the muscular membrane, as well as in the mucosal epithelium. The study confirmed the presence of NK1 receptor in the tissues of the porcine female reproductive tract which clearly points to the possibility that SP can influence porcine ovary, oviduct and uterus.

scholarly journals A microfluidic culture model of the human reproductive tract and 28-day menstrual cycle

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Xiao ◽  
Jonathan R. Coppeta ◽  
Hunter B. Rogers ◽  
Brett C. Isenberg ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
Human Reproductive

scholarly journals Biometry and histomorphometry of female reproductive system of Black Bengal goats of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B.M.J. Uddin ◽  
T. Akter ◽  
S.I. Siddiqui ◽  
M. Nooruzzaman ◽  
M.A.H.N.A. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Multiple Comparison Test ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Right ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Age Category

Background: The reproductive physiology of goat is least understood compared to cattle, sheep and pig and most of the description of goat is usually made as if it is identical to sheep. The biometric and histomorphometric analyses of female reproductive system of Black Bengal goats were performed in this study. Methods: During October 2016 to February 2019 a total of 200 female reproductive tracts (50 from each age category of ≤ 6 months (m), 7-12 m, 13-18 m and 19-24 m) were collected and examined from various slaughter houses of Kishoreganj district of Bangladesh. For biometric study the length, width and weight of different segments of female reproductive tracts were measured. In addition, the morphometry of different parts of female genitalia was analyzed at histology. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test was performed to compare between different age groups and paired organs. Results: Overall the size of most parts of the reproductive tract of goats increased with ages and 19-24 m group had the highest values. In paired organs such as ovaries, uterine tubes and uterine horns, the right organs were significantly bigger than the left one. Similarly, at morphometric analysis, the length of all histologic parts such as cortex and medulla of ovary, tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa of uterine tube, uterus, vagina and vulva increased significantly with ages and the highest values observed at age category of 19-24 m. Conclusion: The knowledge of the biometrical and morphometric parameters of female genitalia of Black Bengal goats would help in performing artificial insemination, pregnancy diagnosis and treating infertility related problems.

Reproductive system

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Chenery-Morris ◽  
Aileen Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Clinical Procedures ◽  
Operative Care

This chapter describes a number of clinical procedures related to the reproductive system that commonly occur in children. After completing this chapter you will have a working knowledge of the reproductive system and will have accomplished the following learning objectives. After reading this chapter you should be able to: ● Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive system including the external genitalia, the ovaries, the accessory reproductive structures, and the mammary glands. ● Describe the ovarian and menstrual cycles and the hormones that regulate them. ● Describe the anatomy of the male reproductive system including the external genitalia, the testes, the internal ducts, and the glands. ● Discuss the procedures involved in preparing the child for pelvic examination, demonstrating an awareness of the cultural, ethical, and legal implications of this examination. ● Explain and prepare the child for a swab procedure. ● Undertake the post-operative care of dressings on genitalia. Before embarking on this chapter it would be helpful to read through Chapter Two and Chapter Four, to provide you with relevant background skills required in this context. Informed consent and child protection are quite important related issues, and are covered in great detail in Chapter Four. The initial part of this chapter describes the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system as a background towards understanding the relevant nursing care. This discussion is not intended to replace detailed study of anatomy and physiology, and for further and more detailed instruction on the topic you ought to consult a key text such as Martini & Nath (2008). The female reproductive system is regulated in a cyclical manner by hormones. The onset of the first menstrual cycle (menarche) occurs at puberty, and the female has the capacity to become pregnant up until the menopause, when the menstrual cycle ceases. The essential sex organs of the female reproductive system are the ovaries, which release one ovum (egg) each month. The fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and the mammary glands (breasts) make up the female accessory reproductive structures. The anatomy of the female reproductive system is illustrated in Figure 16.1.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing Reveals Oosp Family Genes are Dispensable for Female Fertility in Mice

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Ferheen Abbasi ◽  
Mayo Kodani ◽  
Chihiro Emori ◽  
Daiji Kiyozumi ◽  
Masashi Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Fertility ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Phenotypic Data

There are over 200 genes that are predicted to be solely expressed in the oocyte and ovary, and thousands more that have expression patterns in the female reproductive tract. Unfortunately, many of their physiological functions, such as their roles in oogenesis or fertilization, have yet to be elucidated. Previous knockout (KO) mice studies have proven that many of the genes that were once thought to be essential for fertility are dispensable in vivo. Therefore, it is extremely important to confirm the roles of all genes before spending immense time studying them in vitro. To do this, our laboratory analyzes the functions of ovary and oocyte-enriched genes in vivo through generating CRISPR/Cas9 KO mice and examining their fertility. In this study, we have knocked out three Oosp family genes (Oosp1, Oosp2, and Oosp3) that have expression patterns linked to the female reproductive system and found that the triple KO (TKO) mutant mice generated exhibited decreased prolificacy but were not infertile; thus, these genes may potentially be dispensable for fertility. We also generated Cd160 and Egfl6 KO mice and found these genes are individually dispensable for female fertility. KO mice with no phenotypic data are seldom published, but we believe that this information must be shared to prevent unnecessary experimentation by other laboratories.

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