What is sex crime?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Terry
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Moral Panic ◽  
Sex Crimes ◽  
Deviant Behaviour ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sex Crime

This essay explores the concept of sex crime, placing the discussion within the context of space and time by reviewing the evidence and literature available to scholars. The essay does this by dissecting four issues: (1) the historical and contemporary attitudes towards sexual behavior, including the changing definitions of sex crimes and a review of how deviant behaviour is a socially constructed concept, and as such the discussion of sex crime and how it is defined must take place within a broad social context; (2) the role of sex crime in political context (such as trafficking, rape as a war crime); (3) contemporary controversies about sex crimes (such as abuse within institutions, the definition of coercion); and (4) contemporary “moral panic” legislation developed in response to high-profile sex crimes.

Perceived organizational support: the interactive role of coworkers’ perceptions and employees’ voice

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Stinglhamber ◽  
Marc Ohana ◽  
Gaëtane Caesens ◽  
Maryline Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Perceived Support ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Social ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a focal employee’s perception of organizational support (POS) is shaped by the social context or, more specifically, by his/her coworkers’ POS. The authors further aim to identify the conditions under which coworkers’ POS may have more influence or, on the contrary, less or even no influence. Design/methodology/approach Data were obtained from questionnaires distributed among a sample of 195 employees and among their supervisors. Findings Coworkers’ levels of POS are positively related to the focal employee’s POS with positive consequences in terms of job satisfaction and, finally, organizational citizenship behaviors. This influence of coworkers’ POS is strengthened when the focal employee experiences low voice in the workplace. Research limitations/implications Overall, this research contributes to organizational support theory by showing that POS may also develop based on a socially constructed process and not only on an individual-level psychological process. Practical implications Our findings have practical implications for HR policies employed by practitioners to socialize newcomers and to manage perceived support in a context of organizational change. Originality/value Building on a few recent studies suggesting that the social context may influence employees’ perceptions of organizational support, the present study is the first to show that the influence of the social context is more likely to occur under specific conditions, i.e. when employees experience low voice.

Gendering Human Security: How Gender Theory Is Reflected and Challenged in Civil-Military Cooperation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunhild Hoogensen Gjørv ◽  
Kirsti Stuvøy
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Relational Autonomy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Definition Of

Gendering human security is useful for making explicit the role of practice and actors, and the power relations between them, attributed through socialized and naturalized characteristics of the feminine and masculine. It offers analytical and empirical insights that release human security discourses from the stranglehold that a state-based, militarized security perspective has thus far had on the definition of security as a whole. A gender-based human security analysis reveals what human security means when understood through the power and practices of domination and marginalization, and more specifically the extent to which the militaries are capable of contributing to human security today. In feminist approaches as well as many human security perspectives, security has been delinked from the state and discussed in terms of other referent objects. Feminist and human security share a “bottom-up” approach to security analyses, but feminists have identified a gender blindness in human security theory. Gender is a primary identity that contributes to the social context in which the meaning and practice of security unfolds. Gendering human security exposes how the security needs of individuals are also identified in relation to specific groups, which reflects the feminist understanding of humans’ relational autonomy and implies that human security is not individual but social security when gendered.

Information as a construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 620-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Bosancic ◽  
Marta Matijevic
Keyword(s):  
Communication Theory ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Definition Of Information ◽  
Concept Of Information

The purpose of this review paper is to outline the constructivist approach to the notion of information from two perspectives. The first perspective explores the role of ‘constructed’ information in the ‘constructivist niche’ – a common name for the appropriate viewpoints in different science fields, such as cognitive and neuroscience, psychology, cybernetics and biology of cognition. The second perspective considers library and information science (LIS) papers in which information is treated as a constructed entity. This paper assumed the origin of the notion of information to be a construction as defined in the ‘constructivist niche’ that is based upon communication theory and cybernetics. Conversely, the origin of the notion of information as a construction as per LIS can be found in Bateson’s definition of information as a ‘difference which makes the difference,‘ as well as in the 1970s LIS definition wherein information is associated with the direction of a cognitive viewpoint, as in a ‘cognitive turn’. The study showed that ‘information as a construction‘, except in a few cases, did not play a significant role in the constructivist theories nor in LIS. LIS researchers reduce the concept of information to a subjective, socially-constructed entity which inherently results in different interpretations.

Cynicism, dirty work, and policing sex crimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale C. Spencer ◽  
Rosemary Ricciardelli ◽  
Dale Ballucci ◽  
Kevin Walby
Keyword(s):  
Digital Evidence ◽  
Sex Crimes ◽  
Dirty Work ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Police Organizations ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Sex Crime

Purpose Digital evidence is now infused in many (or arguably most) cases of sexual assault, which has refigured investigative tools, policing strategies and sources of cynicism for those working in sex crime units. Although cynicism, both its sources and affects, is widely studied among scholars of work and policing, little is known about how police working in sex crime units experience, mitigate and express cynicism. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in understanding and explore the role of cynicism amongst investigators working in sex crime units. Design/methodology/approach To address this research gap, the authors conducted 70 semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus groups with members of police services organizations across Canada working in sex crime units. Findings Examining sources of cynicism and emotional experiences, the authors reveal that officers in these units normalize and neutralize organizational and intra-organizational sources of cynicism, and cope with the potentially traumatizing and emotionally draining realities of undertaking this form of “dirty work.” The authors show that officer cynicism extends beyond offenders into organizational and operational aspects of their occupations and their lived experiences outside of work, which has implications for literature on police work, cynicism and digital policing. Originality/value The authors contribute to the literature on cyber policing by, first, examining sex crimes unit member’s sources of cynicism in relation to sex crimes and the digital world and, second, by exploring sources of cynicism in police organizations and other branches in the criminal justice system. The authors examine how such cynicism seeps into relationships outside of the occupation. The authors’ contribution is in showing that cynicism related to police dirty work is experienced in relation to “front” and “back” regions (Dick, 2005) but also in multiple organizational and social spheres. The authors contribute to the extant literature on dirty work insofar as it addresses the underexplored dirty work associated with policing cyber environments and the morally tainted elements of such policing tasks.

Creating Something from Nothing: Resource Construction through Entrepreneurial Bricolage

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Baker ◽  
Reed E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Constructivist Approach ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Entrepreneurial Bricolage ◽  
Definition Of

A field study of 29 resource-constrained firms that varied dramatically in their responses to similar objective environments is used to examine the process by which entrepreneurs in resource-poor environments were able to render unique services by recombining elements at hand for new purposes that challenged institutional definitions and limits. We found that Lévi-Strauss's concept of bricolage—making do with what is at hand—explained many of the behaviors we observed in small firms that were able to create something from nothing by exploiting physical, social, or institutional inputs that other firms rejected or ignored. We demonstrate the socially constructed nature of resource environments and the role of bricolage in this construction. Using our field data and the existing literature on bricolage, we advance a formal definition of entrepreneurial bricolage and induce the beginnings of a process model of bricolage and firm growth. Central to our contribution is the notion that companies engaging in bricolage refuse to enact the limitations imposed by dominant definitions of resource environments, suggesting that, for understanding entrepreneurial behavior, a constructivist approach to resource environments is more fruitful than objectivist views.

1625: Role of Estrogen Receptor β in the Regulation of Sexual Behavior in Male Mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 429-429
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Nomura ◽  
Naohiro Fujimoto ◽  
Donald W. Pfaff ◽  
Sonoko Ogawa ◽  
Tetsuro Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Β ◽  
Male Mice

Challenges of Fear Conditioning Research in the Age of RDoC

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Jan Richter
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Future ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Research Domain

Abstract. As the criticism of the definition of the phenotype (i.e., clinical diagnosis) represents the major focus of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, it is somewhat surprising that discussions have not yet focused more on specific conceptual and procedural considerations of the suggested RDoC constructs, sub-constructs, and associated paradigms. We argue that we need more precise thinking as well as a conceptual and methodological discussion of RDoC domains and constructs, their interrelationships as well as their experimental operationalization and nomenclature. The present work is intended to start such a debate using fear conditioning as an example. Thereby, we aim to provide thought-provoking impulses on the role of fear conditioning in the age of RDoC as well as conceptual and methodological considerations and suggestions to guide RDoC-based fear conditioning research in the future.

Business Model Literature Overview

2014 ◽  
pp. 79-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ales Novak
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Business Logic ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
Ifrs 9 ◽  
Definition Of

The term ?business model' has recently attracted increased attention in the context of financial reporting and was formally introduced into the IFRS literature when IFRS 9 Financial Instruments was published in November 2009. However, IFRS 9 did not fully define the term ‘business model'. Furthermore, the literature on business models is quite diverse. It has been conducted in largely isolated fashion; therefore, no generally accepted definition of ?business model' has emerged. Therefore, a better understanding of the notion itself should be developed before further investigating its potential role within financial reporting. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the perceived key themes and to identify other bases for grouping/organizing the literature based on business models. The contributions this paper makes to the literature are twofold: first, it complements previous review papers on business models; second, it contains a clear position on the distinction between the notions of the business model and strategy, which many authors identify as a key element in better explaining and communicating the notion of the business model. In this author's opinion, the term ‘strategy' is a dynamic and forward-looking notion, a sort of directional roadmap for future courses of action, whereas, ‘business model' is a more static notion, reflecting the conceptualisation of the company's underlying core business logic. The conclusion contains the author's thoughts on the role of the business model in financial reporting.

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