Islam and Race in American History

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Hammer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
American Muslims ◽  
Moorish Science ◽  
Race And Religion ◽  
The Relationship

American Muslims are often seen as either unassimilable immigrants or as African Americans who only “adopted” Islam as rebellion against Christian-sanctioned racist exclusion. This chapter brings into meaningful conversation these two often divided arenas of definition, agency, and political space by focusing on the categories of “Islam” and “race” and how they have been negotiated, applied, rejected, and forced by and onto various people since the eighteenth century. It shows how Muslims in the United States are both American and transnational, since the relationship between race and religion is globally negotiated. It also considers the intersections of religion and race with gender and sexuality, surveying research on Muslim slaves, naturalization cases in the early twentieth century, Noble Drew Ali and the Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, the racialization of Muslims after 9/11, and the Muslim Anti-Racism Collaborative.

Revolutionary Name Choices

Free the Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 79-112
Author(s):  
Edward Onaci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Fundamental Form ◽  
Black Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Group Self ◽  
Naming Practices

This chapter focuses primarily on the ideas behind and the practice of naming. It argues that name choices are the most fundamental form of individual and group self-determination developed by New Afrikans (and Black Power activists more generally). This chapter historicizes black naming practices in the United States, covering their importance from the era of racial slavery to the moments when Nation of Islam and Malcolm X, among others, were helping instil Black pride in mid-twentieth century African Americans. Specifically, it examines the ways that individual and group names, identity, cartography, and orthography became effective tools for the mechanics of liberation struggle. Taken for granted by both the name studies scholarship and histories of the Black Power Movement, this consideration of naming encourages scholars and activists to think more deeply and critically about the value of politically conscious naming practices.

ROOSEVELT'S MAN IN EUROPE

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Kenneth Weisbrode
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
World War ◽  
Literature And Politics ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

Lewis Einstein (1877–1967) was a little-known diplomat who became one of Theodore Roosevelt's closest advisers on European affairs. Roosevelt's attraction to Einstein derived not only from a keen writing style and considerable fluency in European history, literature and politics, but also from his instinct for anticipating the future of European rivalries and for the important role the United States could play there in preserving peace. The two men shared a perspective on the twentieth century that saw the United States as a central arbiter and enforcer of international order—a position the majority of Americans would accept and promote only after the Second World War. The relationship between Roosevelt and Einstein sheds light on the rising status of American diplomacy and diplomats and their self-image vis-à-vis Europe at the turn of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Money for Nothing? Financing the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential Nomination Campaigns

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-62
Author(s):  
Maciej Turek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Campaign Finance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Party ◽  
Presidential Nomination ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Presidential Nominations

The aim of the paper is to analyze the relationship between campaign money and winning the 2016 and 2020 presidential nominations in the United States. While in the last two decades of the twentieth century candidates who raised most money almost always became major party nominees, the record is mixed for presidential cycles 2004-2012. By comparing various dimensions of campaign finance, including activities of candidates' campaign committees and outside groups, the Author demonstrates that while successful fundraising, resulting in dozens of millions of dollars at the disposal of candidates, seems necessary to run a competitive campaign, raising the most money is no longer pre-requisite for becoming major party presidential nominee.

Presbyterian Polity

2019 ◽  
pp. 215-228
Author(s):  
Jeffery S. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
New School ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Awakenings ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter primarily analyzes the history of American Presbyterian polity from the eighteenth to twenty-first centuries, but it also gives some attention to Presbyterian polity outside the United States. It examines the Adopting Act of 1729 along with various denominational disputes and schisms. Presbyterianism was greatly affected by the First and Second Great Awakenings, which led to polarization. The schism between New Side and Old Side Presbyterians was the result of differing attitudes to conversion and issue of creedal assent. Presbyterians relationship with the Congregationalists also led to a weakening of Presbyterian polity and to differing attitudes toward evangelism. In 1837, Presbyterians split into Old School and New School parties, and thereafter Presbyterians became more reflective about their polity. The relationship between polity and theology has been a source of tension for Presbyterians, and in the twentieth century, polity was in the ascendency in American mainline Presbyterianism. Several significant twentieth-century PCUSA events reveal the dominance of polity and the resulting fracturing of American Presbyterianism.

The “Black Buddhism Plan”: Buddhism, Race, and Empire in the Early Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-47
Author(s):  
Adeana McNicholl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Identities ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Black Pacific ◽  
The One ◽  
Single Figure ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT This article traces the life of a single figure, Sufi Abdul Hamid, to bring into conversation the history of the transmission of Buddhism to the United States with the emergence of new Black religio-racial movements in the early twentieth century. It follows Hamid's activities in the 1930s to ask what Hamid's life reveals about the relationship between Buddhism and race in the United States. On the one hand, Hamid's own negotiation of his identity as a Black Orientalist illustrates the contentious process through which individuals negotiate their religio-racial identities in tension with hegemonic religio-racial frameworks. Hamid constructed a Black Orientalist identity that resignified Blackness while criticizing the racial injustice foundational to the American nation-state. His Black Orientalist identity at times resonated with global Orientalist discourses, even while being recalcitrant to the hegemonic religio-racial frameworks of white Orientalism. The subversive positioning of Hamid's Black Orientalist identity simultaneously lent itself to his racialization by others. This is illustrated through Hamid's posthumous implication in a conspiracy theory known as the “Black Buddhism Plan.” This theory drew on imaginations of a Black Pacific community formulated by both Black Americans and by government authorities who created Japanese Buddhists and new Black religio-racial movements as subjects of surveillance. The capacious nature of Hamid's religio-racial identity, on the one hand constructed and performed by Hamid himself, and on the other created in the shadow of the dominant discourses of a white racial state, demonstrates that Buddhism in the United States is always constituted by race.

Wright’s Afromodern Search for Political Freedom

2018 ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Black People ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

Lewis R. Gordon argues that Wright’s writings cast light on the suffocating world produced by colonialism, enslavement, and racism, in which black people are treated as if they simply don’t matter. Wright showed that blacks in the United States are fundamentally historically excluded from the political, aesthetic, and epistemic institutions of the only world to which they are indigenous. By pulling readers into places “they wished never to go,” he demonstrated how the erosion of black political power in fact increased political impotence among humankind. Wright, argues Gordon, was particularly prescient about the relationship between the racist state and twentieth-century fascism. They jointly eradicate conditions of political appearance and freedom, replacing them with unilateral rule.

What Is Africa to Me?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arna Bontemps
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peace Movement ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Racial Consciousness ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
South Side ◽  
Universal Negro Improvement Association ◽  
American Science

This chapter examines the rising tide of racial consciousness in Chicago during the early years of the twentieth century. It begins with a discussion of early efforts by Negroes to return to their ancestral homeland, some of them resorting to emigration outside the borders of the United States as a way out. In particular, it considers the influence of Marcus Garvey and his Universal Negro Improvement Association, which splintered into different organizations such as the Peace Movement of Ethiopia and the 49th State Movement in Chicago. The chapter also looks at Garvey's feud with Robert S. Abbott and his visit to the South Side in 1920 before concluding with an account of two organizations that strove to foster racial pride among Chicago Negroes: the Moorish American Science Temple and the Nation of Islam.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Scopes Trial: Cultural Conflict, Media Spectacle, and Circus Politics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
TOM ARNOLD-FORSTER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Cultural Conflict ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Scopes Trial ◽  
Media Spectacle ◽  
The Relationship

The Scopes trial has long been interpreted through claims about science and religion and about individual rights and liberties. This article recovers a different debate about the trial's political history that emerged in the later 1920s and resonated down the twentieth century. Here the trial figured as a fraught national circus, which raised difficult questions about the relationship between media spectacle and cultural conflict in the United States. The trial's circus dynamics intensified the conflicts it staged without ever actually resolving them; this trap was then perceived and negotiated in different ways by contemporary liberals, conservatives, socialists, and far-right activists.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy K. DeFalco Lippert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Pictures wielded considerable power in nineteenth-century society, shaping the way that Americans portrayed and related to one another, and presented themselves. This is not only a history through pictures, but a history of pictures: it departs from most historians’ approaches to images as self-explanatory illustrations, and instead examines those images as largely overlooked primary source evidence. Consuming Identities charts the growth of a commodified image industry in one of the most diverse and dynamic cities in the United States, from the gold rush to the turn of the twentieth century. The following chapters focus on the circulation of human representations throughout the city of San Francisco and around the world, as well as the cultural dimensions of the relationship between people, portraits, and the marketplace. In so doing, this work traces a critical moment in the shaping of individual modern identities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document