When the Absence of Reasoning Breeds Meaning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey K. Morewedge ◽  
Daniella M. Kupor
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
External Source ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Dream Interpretation ◽  
The Self ◽  
The World ◽  
Religious Thoughts ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Insight Into

Intuitions, attitudes, images, mind-wandering, dreams, and religious messages are just a few of the many kinds of uncontrolled thoughts that intrude on consciousness spontaneously without a clear reason. Logic suggests that people might thus interpret spontaneous thoughts as meaningless and be uninfluenced by them. By contrast, our survey of this literature indicates that the lack of an obvious external source or motive leads people to attribute considerable meaning and importance to spontaneous thoughts. Spontaneous thoughts are perceived to provide meaningful insight into the self, others, and the world. As a result of these metacognitive appraisals, spontaneous thoughts substantially affect the beliefs, attitudes, decisions, and behavior of the thinker. We present illustrative examples of the metacognitive appraisals by which people attribute meaning to spontaneous secular and religious thoughts, and the influence of these thoughts on judgment and decision-making, attitude formation and change, dream interpretation, and prayer discernment.

Women and Agency in Bankim’s Rajmohan’s Wife and Tagore’s The Home and The World

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manju Dhariwal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Self ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
English Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Status Of Women

Written almost half a century apart, Rajmohan’s Wife (1864) and The Home and the World (1916) can be read as women centric texts written in colonial India. The plot of both the texts is set in Bengal, the cultural and political centre of colonial India. Rajmohan’s Wife, arguably the first Indian English novel, is one of the first novels to realistically represent ‘Woman’ in the nineteenth century. Set in a newly emerging society of India, it provides an insight into the status of women, their susceptibility and dependence on men. The Home and the World, written at the height of Swadeshi movement in Bengal, presents its woman protagonist in a much progressive space. The paper closely examines these two texts and argues that women enact their agency in relational spaces which leads to the process of their ‘becoming’. The paper analyses this journey of the progress of the self, which starts with Matangini and culminates in Bimala. The paper concludes that women’s journey to emancipation is symbolic of the journey of the nation to independence.

Evolution and Political Decision Making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
The Many ◽  
Scientific Truth ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Political Decision Making

The application of evolutionary theories or models to explain political decision making is quickly maturing, fundamentally interdisciplinary, and irreducibly complex. This hybridization has yielded significant benefits, including real progress toward understanding the conditions under which cooperation is possible, and a clearer understanding of the apparently “irrational” drivers of political violence. Decision making requires a nervous system that conditions motivation and behavior upon adaptively relevant cues in the environment. Such systems do not exist because they maximize utility, enlightenment, or scientific truth; they exist because on average they led to outcomes that were reproductively beneficial in ancestral environments. The reproductive challenges faced by our ancestors included not only ecological problems of predator avoidance but also political problems such as inter-group threat and the distribution of resources within groups. Therefore, evolutionary approaches to political decision making require direct and deep engagement of the logic whereby natural selection builds adaptations. This view of human psychology yields valuable insights on the domain specificity of political decision making as well as the psychological consequences of mismatch between modern and ancestral environments. In other words, there is accumulating evidence that many of the complex adaptations of the human brain were designed to solve the many problems of ancestral politics. This discussion begins by distinguishing evolutionary approaches from other frameworks used to explain political decision making, such as rational choice, or realism in international relations. Since evolutionary models of political decision making have now produced decades of original theoretical and empirical contributions, we are in a useful position to take stock of this research landscape. Doing so crystalizes the promises, perils, and scope of evolutionary approaches to politics.

Weather Forecasting by Humans—Heuristics and Decision Making

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1115-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Doswell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Weather Forecasters ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Considerable Insight

Abstract The decision-making literature contains considerable information about how humans approach tasks involving uncertainty using heuristics. Although there is some reason to believe that weather forecasters are not identical in all respects to the typical subjects used in judgment and decision-making studies, there also is evidence that weather forecasters are not so different that the existing understanding of human cognition as it relates to making decisions is entirely inapplicable to weather forecasters. Accordingly, some aspects of cognition and decision making are reviewed and considered in terms of how they apply to human weather forecasters, including biases introduced by heuristics. Considerable insight into human forecasting could be gained by applying available studies of the cognitive psychology of decision making. What few studies exist that have used weather forecasters as subjects suggest that further work might well be productive in terms of helping to guide the improvement of weather forecasts by humans. It is concluded that a multidisciplinary approach, involving disciplines outside of meteorology, needs to be developed and supported if there is to be a future role for humans in forecasting the weather.

Executive Selection—What's Right … and What's Wrong

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Hollenbeck
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Executive Selection ◽  
Decision Making Problem ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Psychometric Validity

Although recent reviews of executive selection have catalogued much that we as industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists are doing right in our research and practice, we are confronted with the facts that executive selection decisions are often, if not usually, wrong and that I–O psychologists seldom have a place at the table when these decisions are made. This article suggests that in our thinking we have failed to differentiate executive selection from selection at lower levels and that we have applied the wrong models. Our hope for the future lies not in job analyses, developing new tests, meta-analyses, or seeking psychometric validity, but in viewing executive selection as a judgment and decision-making problem. With the right focus, applying our considerable methodological skills should enable us to contribute toward making better judgments. When we have a better mousetrap, organizations (if not the world) will beat a path to our door.

scholarly journals Freedom, Teleodynamism, Creativity

2014 ◽  
pp. 60-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Bifurcation Point ◽  
The Self ◽  
Positive Freedom ◽  
Simple Mode ◽  
The World ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Do So

After presenting a critique of both negative and positive freedom this essay pursues the relation between creativity and freedom, drawing upon Foucault, Deleuze and Nietzsche to do so.  Once you have understood Nietzsche’s reading of a culturally infused nest of drives in a self, the task becomes easier.  A drive is not merely a force pushing forward; it is also a simple mode of perception and intention that pushes forward and enters into creative relations with other drives when activated by an event.  You can also understand more sharply how the Foucauldian tactics of the self work.  We can now carry this insight into the Deleuzian territory of micropolitics and collective action by reviewing his work on flashbacks and “the powers of the false.” If a flashback in film pulls us back to a bifurcation point where two paths were possible and one was taken, the powers of the false refer to the subliminal role the path not taken can play in the formation of creative action.  As you pursue these themes you see that neither old, organic notions of belonging to the world nor do negative notions of detachment as such do the work needed.  Deleuze’s notion of freedom carries us to the idea of cultivating “belief” in a world of periodic punctuations.  The latter are essential to creativity and incompatible with organic belonging.  They are also indispensable supports of a positive politics today.

scholarly journals Girls on YouTube: Gender Politics and the Potential for a Public Sphere

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Szostak
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
The Self ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Divide ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Insight Into

YouTube is a massively popular video streaming website. It has become so ingrained in daily consciousness that it is almost difficult to conceive of a time in which it did not exist. YouTube’s slogan is “Broadcast Yourself.” It connotes a sense of freedom to be whoever you want to be and communicate this conceptualization of the self with the world. Vlogs, or video blogs, share the same function as a traditional diary except there is no assumption of privacy since the videos are uploaded publicly. Both men and women participate in the production of these videos. However, the experience of male and female YouTubers is quite different. The following paper will explore whether YouTube operates as a public sphere in light of the gender divide that appears to have formed on the site. The four objectives of the paper are as follows: to define the concept of the public sphere, to determine the factors that have contributed to a gender divide on YouTube by analyzing the gendered use of the medium, to examine the reception of the controversial “Girls on YouTube” video by female vloggers, and to evaluate whether YouTube operates as a public sphere in light of the findings of the preceding sections. Ultimately, this paper will give greater insight into whether new media offers the possibility for women's voices to be heard or if it is simply a remediation of older patriarchal technology.

Being Yourself

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Wall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
The Self ◽  
Cognitive Triad ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Legal Test

This chapter discusses authentic decision-making as it relates to depression based on three parallel concepts found in philosophy, psychology, and the law. Since major depression is characterized (amongst other things) by ‘symptoms of sadness and diminished interest or pleasure’, ‘feelings of worthlessness/excessive/inappropriate guilt’ and a ‘cognitive triad of pessimism regarding the self, the world and the future’, the chapter explores whether an individual who has these symptoms can act on a judgment, thought, or belief in a way that lacks authenticity. It first explains, in philosophical terms, why autonomous decision-making presupposes a ‘personal identity’, before outlining a series of clinical observations suggesting that competence to make a decision requires an ‘appreciative ability’. It also considers whether the legal test for the capacity to make a decision has a component that is equivalent to ‘personal identity’ or an ‘appreciative ability’.

A Simplified Method for Understanding Judgment and Decision Making of Muslim Consumers

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Burhanudin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Decision Making ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Consumer Decision ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Similar Accuracy

The large number of Muslims in the world provides many attractive market segments. This then raises the question on how marketers can best understand the judgment and decision making of Muslims toward designing appropriate campaigns that could effectively target their communities. This chapter reviews general human judgment and decision making and proposes a simplified method for understanding this market through identifying the one reason that drives consumer decision making. One-reason decision making is common among consumers. It consumes little information to reach a conclusion, but has similar accuracy with other methods that consume more than twice the amount of information. For marketers, this simplified method would help them penetrate those markets about which they have little understanding. And for marketers who do understand a market, this method can help them in designing their campaigns more efficiently. Simple intervention strategies to attract Muslim consumers are discussed at the end of this chapter.

Conflating Temporal Advancement and Epistemic Advancement: The Progression Bias in Judgment and Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1563-1579
Author(s):  
Haotian Zhou ◽  
Xilin Li ◽  
Jessica Sim
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Time Span ◽  
The World

When seeking out the truth about a certain aspect of the world, people frequently conduct several inquiries successively over a time span. Later inquiries usually improve upon earlier ones; thus, it is typically rational to expect the finding of a later inquiry to be closer to the truth than that of an earlier one. However, when no meaningful differences exist between earlier and later inquiries, later findings should not be considered epistemically superior. However, in these cases, people continue to regard findings from later inquiries as closer to the truth than earlier ones. In 10 experiments, when later inquiries conflicted with—but did not epistemically improve upon—earlier ones, participants’ global judgments about the truth aligned more with later findings than earlier ones, an effect referred to as progression bias. The liability to progression bias may have severe ramifications for the well-being of the society and its members.

A Professional Judgment and Decision Making Case Study: Reflection-in-Action Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Martindale ◽  
Dave Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Reflection In Action ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Insight Into

This case study of an elite judo player recovering from injury provides an exemplification of a practitioner’s Professional Judgment and Decision Making (PJDM) using a ‘reflection-in-action research’ methodology. The process of “reflection-in-action” Schön (1991) and in particular the concept of ‘framing’ offer insight into how professionals think in action. These concepts assisted the practitioner in organizing, clarifying and conceptualizing the client’s issues and forming intentions for impact. This case study exemplifies the influence of practitioner PJDM on implementation at multiple levels of practice including planning the overall program of support, designing specific interventions to aid client recovery and moment-to-moment in-situ decision making session-by session. It is suggested that consideration of practitioner PJDM should be a strong feature of case study reporting and that this approach carries the potential to extend our use of case studies within applied sport psychology practice.

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