Predicting evaporation rates of droplet arrays

The evaporation of multiple sessile droplets is both scientifically interesting and practically important, occurring in many natural and industrial applications. Although there are simple analytic expressions to predict evaporation rates of single droplets, there are no such frameworks for general configurations of droplets of arbitrary size, contact angle or spacing. However, a recent theoretical contribution by Masoud, Howell & Stone (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 927, 2021, R4) shows how considerable insight can be gained into the evaporation of arbitrary configurations of droplets without having either to obtain the solution for the concentration of vapour in the atmosphere or to perform direct numerical simulations of the full problem. The theoretical predictions show excellent agreement with simulations for all configurations, only deviating by 25 % for the most confined droplets.

Characterisations in Britain of Isaac Newton’s Approach to Physical Inquiry in the Principia between 1687 and 1713

In order to gain a better understanding of the impact and circulation of the first edition of the Principia, we offer an analysis of public perceptions in Britain of Isaac Newton’s approach to physical inquiry in the Principia between the appearance of its first and second editions, in 1687 and 1713, respectively. We treat Newton’s readers as actors with distinctive scholarly backgrounds and interests rather than as followers or popularisers of a “Newtonian philosophy,” a label we find to be largely absent in the historical record before 1713, when it was purposefully used by Roger Cotes in his preface to the second edition of the Principia. Through our survey, we gain considerable insight into how Newton’s readers characterised the Principia and its author. We establish that British readers of the first edition of the Principia ascribed a relatively stable and interrelated number of characteristics to Newton’s natural philosophical approach, although different readers emphasised different things. We also show that the most detailed accounts of Newton’s natural philosophical approach were, not surprisingly, given in polemical contexts. We find that it is only at the very end of this period, and in polemical contexts, that the notion of a “Newtonian philosophy” with a specific and pathbreaking approach to physical inquiry arose.

Institutional Theory in Sport: A Scoping Review

Institutional theory has generated considerable insight into fundamental issues within sport. This study seeks to advance Washington and Patterson’s review by providing an empirical review of institutional theory in sport. We follow Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review protocol to identify 188 sport-related institutional studies between 1979 and 2019. Our review provides evidence regarding the state of institutional scholarship within sport via an analysis of authorship, year, journal, methodology, method, study population, and use of institutional constructs (legitimacy, isomorphism, change, logics, fields, and work). Rather than a hostile takeover or a joint venture proposed in Washington and Patterson’s review, the relationship between fields is more aptly described as a diffusion of ideas. By developing an empirical review of institutional studies in sport, we hope to expedite the diffusion of ideas between the two fields and work toward realizing the collective benefits any future joint venture may bring.

Remembrances

This final chapter returns to the details of Tallis’s biography. It examines his will and the will of his wife Joan, two documents which offer considerable insight into his social circles and the everyday material surroundings of his household, as well as what little we can deduce of his family background. The chapter also discusses Tallis’s epitaph (very recently rediscovered by the author in a more accurate version) and the other memorial poems written at his death in 1585, including Ye sacred Muses, set to music by Byrd. It concludes with some reflections on Tallis’s enigmatic life and his musical gifts.

Identity domains in complex behavior: Toward a biology of personality

Personality traits offer considerable insight into the biological basis of individual differences. However, existing approaches toward understanding personality across species rely on subjective criteria and limited sets of behavioral readouts, resulting in noisy and often inconsistent outcomes. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework for studying individual differences along dimensions with maximum consistency and discriminative power. We validate this framework in mice, using data from a system for high-throughput longitudinal monitoring of group-housed mice that yields a variety of readouts from all across an individual’s behavioral repertoire. We describe a set of stable traits that capture variability in behavior and gene expression in the brain, allowing for better informed mechanistic investigations into the biology of individual differences.

Cathodoluminescence as a probe of the optical properties of resonant apertures in a metallic film

Here we present the results of an investigation of resonances of azimuthal trimer arrangements of rectangular slots in a gold film on a glass substrate using cathodoluminescence (CL) as a probe. The variation in the CL signal collected from specific locations on the sample as a function of wavelength and the spatial dependence of emission into different wavelength bands provides considerable insight into the resonant modes, particularly sub-radiant modes, of these apertures. By comparing our experimental results with electromagnetic simulations we are able to identify a Fabry–Pérot mode of these cavities as well as resonances associated with the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on the air–gold boundary. We obtain evidence for the excitation of dark (also known as sub-radiant) modes of apertures and aperture ensembles.

Biological Anthropology, Population Genetics, and Race

Recent developments in molecular genetics have given us much information about DNA markers and a detailed look at evolutionary causes of genetic variation in humans. Patterns of genetic variation within populations and genetic differences among populations is best understood in light of our species’ African origin 200,000 years ago and the subsequent dispersion of human populations throughout the world 70,000 to 100,000 years ago. Although an evolutionary focus on genetic variation using methods from the field of population genetics provides us with considerable insight regarding our history, older ideas based on traditional definitions of biological race have no explanatory value.

Evolutionary Behavioral Economics

This chapter explores how the economic model of individual behavior can be improved by incorporating a number of insights from evolutionary theory and complex systems theory. Insights from psychology, the neurosciences, and the behavioral strand of economics may be better understood from an evolutionary and complexity perspective. It takes an integrated interdisciplinary approach to economic phenomena. Core concepts in economic theory (preference and choice) are clarified and Tinbergen’s “four questions” about the origins of behavior are used to provide a framework. Informed by Tinbergen, areas from behavioral science are presented which may be useful for understanding economic behavior: some are directly evolutionary, while others come from scientific contexts informed by evolutionary theory. Each area has yielded well researched ideas that provide considerable insight into human nature. It concludes with a review of where research stands today and where it could be directed in the future.

Escalation in Information Technology Projects

According to the information systems literature, many information technology (IT) projects go wildly over budget, drag on long past their originally scheduled completion date, and do not deliver according to initial specification. Theories that have been used to understand the escalation phenomenon in general are the self-justification theory, the prospect theory, the agency theory, and the approach avoidance theory. These theories have contributed to a considerable insight in the phenomenon of escalation, but divergence among them indicates that there are still some unanswered questions. Discounting describes how the subjective value of an outcome is altered because its outcome is either uncertain and/or delayed. Since a key factor in IT project is the uncertainty and/or delay associated with cost, schedules and functionality of the IT solutions that are made, the authors decided to introduce the concept of discounting to expand understanding of escalation behavior in IT projects.

Causes of Fatal Accidents Involving Cranes in the Australian Construction Industry

In ten years from 2004 to 2013, 359 workers died in the Australian construction industry because of work related causes. This paper investigates crane-related fatalities in order to find the upstream causation of such accidents. The National Coroners’ Information System (NCIS) database was searched to identify fatal accidents in the construction industry involving the use of a crane. The narrative description of the cases provided in the coroners’ findings and associated documents were content analysed to identify the contributing causal factors within the context of each case. The findings show that the most frequent crane-related accident types were those that were struck by load, and electrocution. The most prevalent immediate circumstance causes were layout of the site and restricted space. The two most commonly identified shaping factors were physical site constraints and design of construction process. Inadequate risk management system was identified as the main originating influence on the accidents. This paper demonstrates that a systemic causation model can provide considerable insight into how originating influences, shaping factors, and immediate circumstances combine to produce accidents. This information is extremely useful in informing the development of prevention strategies, particularly in the case of commonly occurring accident types.