Bioarchaeology of Nubia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1050-1069
Author(s):  
Michele R. Buzon
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Traumatic Injuries ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Early Case

Bioarchaeology is the excavation and analysis of human remains from archaeological sites. Through numerous campaigns related to the building of dams and other projects, thousands of skeletal remains have been excavated from ancient Nubian sites. Paleopathological and morphological analyses of these collections have provided significant information about the lifeways of past inhabitants, including health, disease, activity patterns, traumatic injuries, diet, and biological relationships. From early case studies of pathological curiosities and racial typology to contextualized biocultural analyses of changes in health and population composition, Nubian bioarchaeology has adapted and expanded together with methodological and theoretical advancements in bioarchaeology more broadly. The integration of bioarchaeology within the larger archaeological research project from planning through analyses encourages more contextualized interpretations that combine skeletal evidence with settlement, environmental, and mortuary data to create a picture of life and death in the ancient Nubian past.

scholarly journals Validation of the adjusted multi-biomarker disease activity score as a prognostic test for radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a combined analysis of multiple studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Curtis ◽  
Michael E. Weinblatt ◽  
Nancy A. Shadick ◽  
Cecilie H. Brahe ◽  
Mikkel Østergaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Radiographic Progression ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Disease Activity Measure ◽  
Conventional Dmards ◽  
Risk Curve ◽  
Progression Risk ◽  
Clinical Measures

Abstract Background The multi-biomarker disease activity (MBDA) test measures 12 serum protein biomarkers to quantify disease activity in RA patients. A newer version of the MBDA score, adjusted for age, sex, and adiposity, has been validated in two cohorts (OPERA and BRASS) for predicting risk for radiographic progression. We now extend these findings with additional cohorts to further validate the adjusted MBDA score as a predictor of radiographic progression risk and compare its performance with that of other risk factors. Methods Four cohorts were analyzed: the BRASS and Leiden registries and the OPERA and SWEFOT studies (total N = 953). Treatments included conventional DMARDs and anti-TNFs. Associations of radiographic progression (ΔTSS) per year with the adjusted MBDA score, seropositivity, and clinical measures were evaluated using linear and logistic regression. The adjusted MBDA score was (1) validated in Leiden and SWEFOT, (2) compared with other measures in all four cohorts, and (3) used to generate curves for predicting risk of radiographic progression. Results Univariable and bivariable analyses validated the adjusted MBDA score and found it to be the strongest, independent predicator of radiographic progression (ΔTSS > 5) compared with seropositivity (rheumatoid factor and/or anti-CCP), baseline TSS, DAS28-CRP, CRP SJC, or CDAI. Neither DAS28-CRP, CDAI, SJC, nor CRP added significant information to the adjusted MBDA score as a predictor, and the frequency of radiographic progression agreed with the adjusted MBDA score when it was discordant with these measures. The rate of progression (ΔTSS > 5) increased from < 2% in the low (1–29) adjusted MBDA category to 16% in the high (45–100) category. A modeled risk curve indicated that risk increased continuously, exceeding 40% for the highest adjusted MBDA scores. Conclusion The adjusted MBDA score was validated as an RA disease activity measure that is prognostic for radiographic progression. The adjusted MBDA score was a stronger predictor of radiographic progression than conventional risk factors, including seropositivity, and its prognostic ability was not significantly improved by the addition of DAS28-CRP, CRP, SJC, or CDAI.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dating of Calcined Bones: Where Does the Carbon Come from?

Radiocarbon ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Zazzo ◽  
J-F Saliège ◽  
A Person ◽  
H Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mineral Fraction ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
C Value ◽  
Paleodietary Reconstruction

Over the past decade, radiocarbon dating of the carbonate contained in the mineral fraction of calcined bones has emerged as a viable alternative to dating skeletal remains in situations where collagen is no longer present. However, anomalously low δ13C values have been reported for calcined bones, suggesting that the mineral fraction of bone is altered. Therefore, exchange with other sources of carbon during heating cannot be excluded. Here, we report new results from analyses on cremated bones found in archaeological sites in Africa and the Near East, as well as the results of several experiments aiming at improving our understanding of the fate of mineral and organic carbon of bone during heating. Heating of modern bone was carried out at different temperatures, for different durations, and under natural and controlled conditions, and the evolution of several parameters (weight, color, %C, %N, δ13C value, carbonate content, crystallinity indexes measured by XRD and FTIR) was monitored. Results from archaeological sites confirm that calcined bones are unreliable for paleoenvironmental and paleodietary reconstruction using stable isotopes. Experimental results suggest that the carbon remaining in bone after cremation likely comes from the original inorganic pool, highly fractionated due to rapid recrystallization. Therefore, its reliability for 14C dating should be seen as close to that of tooth enamel, due to crystallographic properties of calcined bones.

scholarly journals The southern Jê and adaptation to the wetland areas on the southern of the Araucarias plateau/Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 737-747
Author(s):  
Jones Fiegenbaum ◽  
Marina Schmidt Dalzochio ◽  
Eduardo Périco ◽  
Neli Teresinha Galarce Machado
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Right

The Jê archeology has witnessed in the last decades a significant increase in information on the pattern of settlement, subsistence, mobility and ceremonial practices as a result of major projects developed in the South Brazilian Plateau. With the beginning of a systemic and procedural view in archeology, interdisciplinary studies in archaeological research are directed to the study on the understanding of human relations with the environment. Between the basins of the Forqueta and Guaporé Rivers, both tributaries of the right bank of the Taquari/Antas River, twenty-one archaeological sites were found with the presence of pit houses associated with Jê groups. Of the twenty-one areas of identified pit houses, nineteen are in areas close to wetlands. In an interdisciplinary perspective, we seek to understand the reasons why Jê groups established settlements close to wetlands. Six criteria were analyzed regarding the installation of pit houses and the proximity to wetlands, namely hydrography, distance from rivers with running water, clinography, terrain slope, hypsometry, altitude in relation to sea level, soils, soil quality, distance from wetlands, and phytoecological region (vegetation cover). The patterns of occupation of Jê groups were analyzed using the Principal Component Analysis technique on the variables presented.

scholarly journals Kreatywność za drutem kolczastym: archeologia i sztuka okopowa z pierwszowojennego obozu jenieckiego w Czersku (woj. pomorskie)

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 105-136
Author(s):  
Dawid Kobiałka
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
Special Category

This article discusses the results of archaeological and anthropological research concerning material remains of a prisoner of war camp in Czersk (Pomeranian province, Poland) (Kriegsgefangenenlager Czersk). In the first part, I sketch a broader historical context related to building and functioning of the camp in forests around Czersk between 1914–1919. After that, the role and meaning of  archaeological research on such type of archaeological sites are presented. In the third part, I focus on a very special category of the camp heritage which is called trench art. The last part of this paper is a case study where an assemblage of objects classified as trench art that was found at the camp is described and interpreted. This text aims at highlighting the value of such prisoners and camp’s heritage. Such material culture is a material memory of extraordinary prisoners’ creativity behind barbed wire. It makes one aware of how every piece of trash, rubbish was re-cycled during day-to-day life behind barbed wire.

Across the River

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-40
Author(s):  
Cristina I. Tica
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
The Other ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Traumatic Injuries ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Relative Proximity ◽  
Frontier Studies ◽  
Roman Province

The author seeks to contribute to the field of frontier studies with bioarchaeological data, in the hopes of understanding how living in relative proximity, but under different sociopolitical organizations, may affect health. The goal of this research is to examine differences in overall health between two groups that have been characterized in the literature as “Romans” and “barbarians.” The research uses skeletal remains to address how the daily life of people under Roman-Byzantine control compared to that of their neighbors, the “barbarians” to the north. Comparing two contemporaneous populations from the territory of modern Romania—and dating from the third to the sixth centuries CE—the study examines health status and traumatic injuries. One collection comes from the territory under Roman-Byzantine control, the site of Ibida (Slava Rusă) from the Roman province of Scythia Minor, and the other originates from the Târgşor site, located to the north of the Danube frontier, in what was considered the “barbaricum.” Separated by a definite frontier, the Danube River, meant to (at least ideologically) segregate them to their divided worlds, these populations might have been more interconnected than the carefully promulgated imperial doctrine would have us believe.

Situating the Sites in Chicago

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-53
Author(s):  
Rebecca S. Graff
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Anthropogenic Landscapes ◽  
World's Columbian Exposition ◽  
Columbian Exposition

This chapter introduces the two Chicago-based archaeological sites that provide the material signature of this book: Jackson Park, the former site of the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition; and the Charnley-Persky House, today the headquarters for the Society of Architectural Historians and an operating museum. After an introduction to Chicago’s natural and anthropogenic landscapes and an overview of the Chicago Fair’s predecessor exhibitions and its planning, the chapter provides historical background on Chicago’s Gold Coast, the Charnley family, and their home designed by Adler and Sullivan. Results from archaeological research in Jackson Park (2007, 2008) and at the Charnley-Persky House (2010, 2015) are framed with attention to the elite social networks of wealthy, white, Protestant Chicagoans in whose hands these projects were entangled. The archaeological results from the sites provide a powerful testament to the lasting ties of commerce and concomitant ideology that suffused the forms of both fairscape and home.

Frameworks for Europe’s Past

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Douglas Price
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Growth And Change ◽  
Early Human ◽  
Prehistoric Time

This book is about the prehistoric archaeology of Europe—the lives and deaths of peoples and cultures—about how we became human; the rise of hunters; the birth and growth of society; the emergence of art; the beginnings of agriculture, villages, towns and cities, wars and conquest, peace and trade—the plans and ideas, achievements and failures, of our ancestors across hundreds of thousands of years. It is a story of humanity on planet Earth. It’s also about the study of the past—how archaeologists have dug into the ground, uncovered the remaining traces of these ancient peoples, and begun to make sense of that past through painstaking detective work. This book is about prehistoric societies from the Stone Age into the Iron Age. The story of European prehistory is one of spectacular growth and change. It begins more than a million years ago with the first inhabitants. The endpoint of this journey through the continent’s past is marked by the emergence of the literate societies of classical Greece and Rome. Because of a long history of archaeological research and the richness of the prehistoric remains, we know more about the past of Europe than almost anywhere else. The prehistory of Europe is, in fact, one model of the evolution of society, from small groups of early human ancestors to bands of huntergatherers, through the arrival of the first farmers to the emergence of hierarchical societies and powerful states in the Bronze and Iron Ages. The chapters of our story are the major ages of prehistoric time (Stone, Bronze, and Iron). The content involves the places, events, and changes of those ages from ancient to more recent times. The focus of the chapters is on exceptional archaeological sites that provide the background for much of this story. Before we can begin, however, it is essential to review the larger context in which these developments took place. This chapter is concerned with the time and space setting of the archaeology of Europe.

Disease activity patterns in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus and its relation to early aggressive treatment

Lupus ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 1550-1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Otten ◽  
K. Cransberg ◽  
MAJ van Rossum ◽  
JW Groothoff ◽  
JE Kist-van Holthe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Aggressive Treatment ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Collecting and Preserving Botanical Materials of Archaeological Interest

1944 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elso S. Barghoorn
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Plant Remains

In archaeological sites plant remains are frequently encountered either as artifacts or as natural deposits. A study of such remains commonly yields much valuable information, not only for the archaeologist but for other investigators as well. Thus, the former vegetation of a region and its possible bearing upon the previously existing climate are often revealed. Both the botanist and the paleontologist are interested in the preservation of plant remains and the structural and chemical changes which they have undergone since their deposition or submergence. In addition, of course, the careful study of woody artifacts frequently affords significant information regarding the Customs and practices of primitive peoples in working their materials. In order that the greatest value may be obtained from a study of botanical materials, however, it is essential that certain precautions and techniques be used in collecting and preserving them. Unfortunately, much botanical information available in an archaeological site is either discarded or overlooked in the process of digging and exposing the site.

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