The Linguistics of Language Revitalization

2018 ◽  
pp. 489-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Revitalization ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Central Point ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Key Issues

With hundreds of the world’s languages now in danger, the need for effective methods of language revitalization has never been greater. Yet most efforts fall short of their objective. The central point of this chapter is that language revitalization is possible only if it is possible to create or maintain the conditions under which language acquisition can take place. Two key issues are explored in detail—the question of how children acquire (and lose) language, and the question of how bilingualism can be pursued as a key component of language revitalization. The answers to both questions have certain features in common, including acknowledgment of the advantages that arise from exposure to the language at a young age, a recognition of the importance of ample, high-quality input, and the need for ongoing opportunities to use the language in a range of communicative situations.

scholarly journals The second language acquisition: problems and challenges for Georgian Deaf community

2021 ◽  
Vol X (3) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Tamar Makharoblidze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Deaf People ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
State Language

As stated in the title, the paper is devoted to the issue of second language acquisition by Deaf people in Georgia, describing the current situation and the challenges. There are about 2500 Deaf and hard of hearing residents in Georgia. Being the linguistic minority in the country, these people communicate with each-other in the Georgian Sign Language – GESL. The second native language for local Deaf and hard of hearing people is the Georgian spoken language – the State language. In many countries Deaf people are bilingual, while it is hard to consider the local Deaf and hard of hearing people bilingual, as the knowledge of spoken Georgian on the level of a native language among the Deaf residents is not observed. Unfortunately in Georgia there are no studies concerning the second language acquisition for Deaf and hard of hearing people. The main problems are the agrammatism in written communication on the state language and the ignorance of deferent hierarchical levels of spoken Georgian. This short paper offers the key issues for the plan of strategy of spoken Georgian acquisition for local Deaf and hard of hearing residents.

scholarly journals Review of Early instructed second language acquisition: Pathways to competence; Editors: Joanna Rokita-Jaśkow, Melanie Ellis; Publisher: Multilingual Matters, 2019; ISBN: 9781788922494; Pages: 257

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-744
Author(s):  
Paweł Scheffler
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
Instructed Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Teaching Grammar

In a large scale survey of teachers’ perceptions of the challenges they face in teaching English to young primary school learners (Copland, Garton, & Burns, 2014), some of the key issues that are identified are as follows: teaching speaking, using only English in the classroom, enhancing motivation, maintaining discipline, catering for different individual needs (including special educational needs), dealing with parents, and teaching grammar as well as reading and writing. The relevance of Early Instructed Second Language Acquisition, edited by Rokita-Jaśkow and Ellis, is clearly shown by the fact that it addresses most of these central issues.

scholarly journals Understanding the effects of language revitalization workshops using long-format speech environment recordings

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Julia Nee
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Language Revitalization ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Teaching Language ◽  
Methodological Challenges

Long-format speech environment (LFSE) recordings are increasingly used to understand language acquisition among young children (Casillas & Cristia 2019). But in language revitalization, older children are sometimes the largest demographic acquiring a language. In Teotitlán del Valle, Mexico, older children have participated in Zapotec language revitalization workshops since 2017. To better understand how these children use language, and to probe whether the language workshops impact language use, I invited learners to collect LFSE recordings. This study addresses two main questions: (1) what methodological challenges emerge when children ages 6-12 collect LFSE data?; and (2) what do the data suggest about the effects of the Zapotec workshops? I argue that, while creating LFSE recordings with older children presents methodological challenges, the results are useful in highlighting the importance of not only teaching language skills, but of creating spaces where learners are comfortable using the Zapotec language.

Second language acquisition research and the second language acquisition of French

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Hawkins ◽  
Richard Towell
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
First Language ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Language L ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Key Issues

AbstractPrior to the late 1960s second language acquisition was thought to be a relatively uninteresting phenomenon; it involved transferring grammatical properties already activated in the first language (L 1) onto second language (L 2) vocabulary. Successful L 2 learners were those who could capitalise on the similarities between the L 1 and the L 2, and eradicate the differences; and successful language teaching involved training learners to overcome the L 1-L 2 differences. Today, perceptions of second language acquisition are more sophisticated and nuanced. Second language acquisition researchers are interested in questions bearing not only on the influence of the L 1, but also on the degree of systematicity in L 2 development, the role that L 1, but also on the degree of systematicity in L 2 development, the role that conscious knowledge plays, the sources of variability in second language speaker performance, the ultimate levels of success achieved by L 2 learners of different ages, and individual differences between learners. The purpose of this article is to present what the authors believe to be some of the key issues which characterise current second language acquisition research, and to consider those issues within the specific context of the acquisition of French as second language.

Assembling the Building Blocks for Diamond Electronics

2006 ◽  
Vol 956 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Joseph Yost
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Bulk Single Crystal ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Single Crystal Diamond ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Grade Material

ABSTRACTThe desire to exploit the extreme properties which differentiate diamond from other, more mature wide bandgap technologies has recently been given further impetus by the development of high quality single crystal CVD diamond material [1].To realise the significant potential of diamond devices over existing device technology depends on completing a number of key objectives, in particular providing:(a). access in volume to high quality, ultra-high purity, single crystal material,(b). the capability to provide carriers by doping the material in a controlled manner,(c). the ability to process thin layers and structures.Providing access to bulk single crystal diamond (albeit not electronic grade material) has already been largely achieved and plates are commercially available for cutting applications [2]. Routes to providing suitable charge carriers are being widely investigated. Although intrinsic diamond can have exceptional electronic properties [1], in reports of both p-type and n-type diamond [3,4] the dopants are very deep (0.37 eV and 0.6 eV for boron and phosphorous respectively), which limits the realisation of conventional electronic devices operating at ambient temperatures.A series of novel devices undergone preliminary experimental evaluation. Devices made up of boron and intrinsic layers, where the boron concentration exceeds the limit of metallic conduction (>1×1020 cm−3), offer carrier diffusion at room temperature from the highly doped regions with low mobility, into adjacent regions of intrinsic material with high carrier mobility [5]. To provide the required device performance, the interface between the doped and intrinsic layers needs to be defect free and to change doping levels by several orders of magnitude in a few atomic layers.Although progress over the last few years has been rapid, there remain substantial technical challenges ahead for the realisation of large scale diamond active electronics. This paper will identify and review progress against these key issues.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT AS ONE OF THE KEY ISSUES IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 414-417
Author(s):  
Dildora Mirabitovna Normirzaeva ◽  
◽  
Shohista Ismailovna Mansurova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Knowledge Assessment ◽  
Key Issues

Filling N-Sided Holes Using Trimmed B-Spline Surfaces

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Minimization ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Variational Technique ◽  
High Quality ◽  
B Spline ◽  
Cad Systems ◽  
Spline Surface ◽  
Spline Surfaces ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Complex Constraints

Using one single trimmed B-Spline surface to fill an n-sided hole is a much desired operation in CAD, but few papers have addressed this issue. The paper presents the method of using trimmed B-Spline surfaces to fill n-sided holes based on energy minimization or variational technique. The method is efficient and robust, and takes less than one second to fill n-sided holes with high quality B-Spline surfaces under complex constraints. As the foundation of filling n-sided holes, some key issues on variational B-Spline technique are also discussed. The variational technique discussed is significantly much more efficient and powerful than previous research, and the result is very accurate to satisfy CAD systems’ high-precision requirements. We demonstrate that, without any pre-calculation, the discussed technique is efficient enough to solve a B-Spline surface with up to 20,000 control points in real time while satisfying an arbitrary combination of point and curve constraints.

AN INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT. Susan H. Foster-Cohen. London: Longman, 1999. Pp. xv + 232. £13.99 paper.

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-422
Author(s):  
Usha Lakshmanan
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Child Language ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Child Language Acquisition ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Single Approach

This book is an excellent introduction to the field of child language development. It demonstrates the need for both a theory of language development and reliable speech and comprehension data in child language research. As Foster-Cohen states in the preface to the book, the adoption of only a single approach, as opposed to a combination of different approaches, is unlikely to lead to a productive understanding of child language acquisition. The book successfully adopts the perspectives of both the empiricist and the rationalist traditions in its treatment of key issues.

Radiation Beam Modeling and Intelligent Signal Interpretation for Phased Array Ultrasonic Inspection

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Jin Song ◽  
Hyeon Jae Shin ◽  
Jeong-Rock Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Phased Array ◽  
Ultrasonic Inspection ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Radiation Beam ◽  
Ultrasonic Phased Array ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Location Type

Abstract Flaw characterization with ultrasonic phased array technique involves to key issues, such as obtaining the high quality flaw images and determining the quantitative flaw information (such as location, type and size). This paper deals with these two key issues. For obtaining the high quality images, it is necessary to optimize the parameters of array transducers. To address such a need, a very computationally efficient radiation beam model is developed based on the boundary diffraction wave model, and the 3-D radiation beam fields from array transducers were simulated to investigate their characteristics in detail. From the sectorial images provided by the ultrasonic phased array technique, flaw size can be determined very successfully, if the type of the scatters is identified in advance. For the determination of the type of scatters, an intelligent signal interpretation scheme based on ultrasonic pattern recognition approach is studied, and the variation of features according to the steering angle is found to be a very sensitive feature for this purpose. The performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated with the initial experiments.

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