The Crowdfunding Paradigm

2019 ◽  
pp. 328-351
Author(s):  
Sharon F. Matusik ◽  
Jessica Jones
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Financing ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Mixed Motives ◽  
Theoretical Dynamics ◽  
Major Consideration

Crowdfunding has become a major consideration for individuals looking to fund their ideas, endeavors, and businesses. This phenomenon raises interesting questions for management scholars, such as what theories help to explain the nuance of crowdfunding as a form of entrepreneurial financing. With regard to what leads to crowdfunding campaign success, this chapter argues that there are mixed motives associated with contributing to these campaigns, and theoretical dynamics vary according to these different motives. The chapter also notes two fundamental differences of crowdfunding from more traditional means of funding early-stage ventures: the nature of engagement and preference toward product or person. Drawing on theory related to capabilities, the chapter identifies conditions under which crowdfunding is likely to be more and less advantageous based on these two dimensions. In summary, it provides a model that explains important sources of heterogeneity (i.e., motives) and homogeneity (i.e., diffused engagement and product lock-in) within the crowdfunding phenomenon that add nuance to theory in the entrepreneurial financing literature.

scholarly journals Updated and outdated reservations about research into stratospheric aerosol injection

2021 ◽  
Vol 164 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wake Smith ◽  
Claire Henly
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Slippery Slope ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol Injection

AbstractIn this paper, we seek to ground discussions of the governance of stratospheric aerosol injection research in recent literature about the field including an updated understanding of the technology’s deployment logistics and scale, pattern of effects, and research pathways. Relying upon this literature, we evaluate several common reservations regarding the governance of pre-deployment research and testing including covert deployment, technological lock-in, weaponization, slippery slope, and the blurry line between research and deployment. We conclude that these reservations are no longer supported by literature. However, we do not argue that there is no reason for concern. Instead, we enumerate alternative bases for caution about research into stratospheric aerosol injection which are supported by an up-to-date understanding of the literature. We conclude that in order to establish the correct degree and type of governance for stratospheric aerosol injection research, the research community must focus its attention on these well-grounded reservations. However, while these reservations are supported and warrant further attention, we conclude that none currently justifies restrictive governance of early-stage stratospheric aerosol injection research.

scholarly journals Cloud Computing Present Limitations and Future Trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad AlTwaijiry
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Many ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Business Requirements ◽  
And Storage

Cloud computing is still in its early stage. There are several companies, both big and small, that provide a diverse range of cloud-based services. There are several types of apps, such as complete programs, support services, mail filtering services, and storage services. IT professionals have become used to using some of the many cloud-based services as business requirements required. Cloud computing aggregators and integrators, on the other hand, are already developing, providing bundles of goods and services as a single point of access to the cloud. This research attempts to explore the current limitations and future trends of cloud computing. More specifically, this research discusses current limitations such as limited control, Cloud outage, Vendor lock-in, Cloud security, Energy consumption and the future trends to combat these limitations such as Edge computing, Hybrid and Multi-Cloud solutions, green cloud computing, serverless computing.

scholarly journals Close-range photogrammetry of the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Emery County, Utah

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 271-285
Author(s):  
Jonathan Warnock ◽  
Joseph Peterson ◽  
Steven Clawson ◽  
Neffra Matthews ◽  
Brent Breithaupt
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Morrison Formation ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Mapping Techniques

Bone distribution data are essential for taphonomic assessments of bonebeds. The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry (CLDQ), an Allosaurus-dominated bonebed within the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, has been researched for nearly 100 years, but published maps are scarce considering the impor¬tance and density of the assemblage. Additionally, few detailed maps of bones from the CLDQ have been published in two dimensions, whereas the third, the stratigraphic/vertical, dimension has never been recorded. Utilizing standard field mapping techniques as well as photogrammetry, the three-dimensional orientations of bones currently exposed in the quarry have been analyzed for potential dispersal patterns. Additionally, a “living” or continuously updatable, photogrammetric map which allows for researchers to view the bones in three dimensions throughout the course of excavation has been created. Continued photogrammetry in future field seasons will allow visualization of bones in three dimensions even after the currently exposed bones have been removed. Utilizing these newly available data, two distinct clusters of bone within the South Butler Building at the quarry are identified. Based on statistically significant average orientations and depths of these bones, early-stage post-mortem transport of carcasses prior to disarticulation (i.e., bloat and float) is supported as an important transport and depositional process within the quarry assemblage. Furthermore, possible evidence of multiple depositional events is discussed.

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment (CACI) in Asian early-stage breast cancer patients (ESBC).

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10096-10096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence NG ◽  
Hui Ling Angie Yeo ◽  
Maung Shwe ◽  
Yan Xiang Gan ◽  
Koon Mian Foo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Perceived Cognitive Function

10096 Background: Genetic variations among genes regulating neuronal function, neurotransmission and plasticity may contribute to varying risk of CACI. In order to fully elucidate the complex genetic structure underlying CACI, a GWAS meta-analysis was performed to identify genetic variants associated with CACI among ESBC patients. Methods: A GWAS meta-analysis of two independent cohorts totaling 266 chemotherapy-receiving ESBC patients (mean age: 51.0 ± 9.2 years; 80.8% Chinese) was performed. Patients’ self-perceived cognitive function was assessed using the validated FACT-Cog (v.3). Genome-wide genotyping was performed using the Illumina HumanOmniExpress-24 version 1.1 BeadChips kits. Each beadchip contains over 700,000 genetic markers. Covariates included in the meta-analysis were the first two dimensions of the multi-dimensional scaling. Results: After applying stringent quality control measures and removing four population outliers, data from 546,399 SNPs were available for 84 cases and 170 controls. In the meta-analysis, two SNPs (rs6443264 and rs4686371) exceeded the suggestive threshold of P < 1×10-5 (Table). Following adjustment for the first two MDS dimensions in the meta-analysis, both SNPs remained as top two SNPs with P < 1×10-4. Both rs6443264 and rs4686371 are located in chromosome 3p25 and lie in the intronic regions encoding OGG1 and ARPC4 genes, respectively. Alteration of the OGG1 gene could compromise the functions of downstream neuronal genes, and modification of the ARPC4 gene could affect the formation of the actin-related protein 2/3 complex and impair memory formation. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first GWAS meta-analysis to identify two loci, namely rs6443264 and rs4686371 that are suggestive of genome-wide association with CACI among Asian ESBC patients. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Theoretical Studies of Convectively Forced Mesoscale Flows in Three Dimensions. Part I: Uniform Basic-State Flow

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Young Han ◽  
Jong-Jin Baik
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Convective Heating ◽  
Stationary Mode ◽  
Transient Heating ◽  
Downward Motion ◽  
Updraft Region

Abstract Convectively forced mesoscale flows in three dimensions are theoretically investigated by examining the transient response of a stably stratified atmosphere to convective heating. Solutions for the equations governing small-amplitude perturbations in a uniform basic-state wind with specified convective heating are analytically obtained using the Green function method. In the surface pulse heating case, it is explicitly shown that the vertical displacement at the center of the 3D steady heating decreases as fast as t−1 for large t. Hence, unlike in two dimensions, the steady state is approached in three dimensions. In the finite-depth steady heating case, the perturbation vertical velocity field in the stationary mode shows a main updraft region extending over the heating layer and V-shaped upward and downward motions above and below the heating layer. Including the third dimension results in a stronger updraft at an early stage, a weaker compensating downward motion, and a weaker stationary gravity wave field in a quasi-steady state than in the case of two dimensions. An examination of flow response fields for various vertical structures of convective heating indicates that stationary gravity waves above the main updraft region become strong in intensity as the height of the maximum convective heating increases. In response to the transient heating, a main updraft region extending over the heating layer no longer appears at a dissipation stage of deep convection. Instead, alternating regions of upward and downward motion with an upstream phase tilt appear.

The tangled web of agency

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Pe-Curto ◽  
Julien A. Deonna ◽  
David Sander
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Bad Company

AbstractWe characterize Doris's anti-reflectivist, collaborativist, valuational theory along two dimensions. The first dimension is socialentanglement, according to which cognition, agency, and selves are socially embedded. The second dimension isdisentanglement, the valuational element of the theory that licenses the anchoring of agency and responsibility in distinct actors. We then present an issue for the account: theproblem of bad company.

Alterations in the number of motoneurons containing immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)& choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) in the cervical spinal cord of the wobbler mouse during the development of the motoneuron disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 970-971
Author(s):  
L. Vacca-Galloway ◽  
Y.Q. Zhang ◽  
P. Bose ◽  
S.H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Wobbler Mouse ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1

The Wobbler mouse (wr) has been studied as a model for inherited human motoneuron diseases (MNDs). Using behavioral tests for forelimb power, walking, climbing, and the “clasp-like reflex” response, the progress of the MND can be categorized into early (Stage 1, age 21 days) and late (Stage 4, age 3 months) stages. Age-and sex-matched normal phenotype littermates (NFR/wr) were used as controls (Stage 0), as well as mice from two related wild-type mouse strains: NFR/N and a C57BI/6N. Using behavioral tests, we also detected pre-symptomatic Wobblers at postnatal ages 7 and 14 days. The mice were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed for immunocytochemical (ICC) of CGRP and ChAT in the spinal cord (C3 to C5).Using computerized morphomety (Vidas, Zeiss), the numbers of IR-CGRP labelled motoneurons were significantly lower in 14 day old Wobbler specimens compared with the controls (Fig. 1). The same trend was observed at 21 days (Stage 1) and 3 months (Stage 4). The IR-CGRP-containing motoneurons in the Wobbler specimens declined progressively with age.

Automated high-resolution microscopy: the approaches so far

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
W. O. Saxton
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Automatic Recording ◽  
Microprocessor Control ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Complete Automation ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

Recent commercial microscopes with internal microprocessor control of all major functions have already demonstrated some of the benefits anticipated from such systems, such as continuous magnification, rotation-free diffraction and magnification, automatic recording of mutually registered focal series, and fewer control knobs. Complete automation of the focusing, stigmating and alignment of a high resolution microscope, allowing focal series to be recorded at preselected focus values as well, is still imminent rather than accomplished, however; some kind of image pick-up and analysis system, fed with the electron image via a TV camera, is clearly essential for this, but several alternative systems and algorithms are still being explored. This paper reviews the options critically in turn, and stresses the need to consider alignment and focusing at an early stage, and not merely as an optional extension to a basic proposal.

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