The Belief View of Assertion

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-118
Author(s):  
Mark Siebel
Keyword(s):  
Declarative Sentence

This article discusses the belief view of assertion, which considers assertion to be basically the expression of a belief. Let “S” stand for the asserter and “p” be a placeholder for a declarative sentence providing the content of the assertion. Then the belief view, in its purest form, takes “S asserts that p” to mean that S expresses the belief that p. The article proceeds as follows. It first introduces three general worries threatening variants of the belief view. Afterwards, it deals with Green’s disjunctive analysis, which utilizes a factive concept of belief expression for delineating sincere assertions and then provides conditions for insincere assertions. The remaining sections turn to Bach and Harnish’s, Davis’s, and Kemmerling’s variants of the belief view. They are connected by applying a nonfactive concept of belief expression to both sincere and insincere assertions. It is shown that these accounts face a common problem. The involved notion of indicating a belief has to be weak enough to allow for obviously insincere assertions, that is, cases in which it is evident to all eyes that the utterer does not believe what she asserts. But then it appears to be too weak to exclude utterances by which an assertion is simulated but not performed.

Directive Speech Act Seen on Family 2.0 Drama Script Written by Walter Wykes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Jovita Putri
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

<p>The research entitled Directive Speech Act Seen on Family 2.0 Drama Script Written by Walter Wykes purposes to describe and uncover the types of form and intended meaning of directive speech act on that drama script. This descriptive research uses pragmatic approach and theory. The collecting and analysing data are focused on the using of declarative, imperative, and interrogative sentences in the text of drama. The forms of those sentences will be analysed to find out the types of form of directive speech act, while the context of those sentences will be used to analyze the intended meaning of directive speech act uttered by speakers. The results of the research are found that, first, there are two types of the form of directive speech acts, direct directive speech acts and indirect directive speech acts. Direct directive speech acts are represented by imperative sentence without subject; imperative sentence with let; and negative imperative sentence. Meanwhile the indirect directive speech acts are represented by declarative sentence statement; declarative sentence if clause; negative declarative sentences; and interrogative sentences. Second, the intended meanings seen on drama script of Family 2.0 are command, prohibition, request, treat, and persuasion. It can be concluded that, the most frequent intended meaning appeared in directive speech acts on this script is command by the use of imperative forms. Then, the declarative and interrogative forms are used to request something by adults charaters; in contrast the kids characters use them to command and prohibit the hearer.<strong></strong></p><strong>Keywords: </strong> family 2.0, pragmatic, speech act, directive, form and intended meaning

Syntactic and Phonological Influences on Children’s Articulation

1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Panagos ◽  
Mary Ellen Quine ◽  
Richard J. Klich
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Word Structure ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Phonological Deficits ◽  
Word Position ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Passive Sentence

The effects of syntactic and phonological structure on the consonant articulations of children with phonological deficits were investigated. Three structural variables were studied: syntactic structure (noun phrase, declarative sentence and passive sentence), word structure (monosyllable and disyllable) and word position (initial and final). Syntactic structure and word structure significantly affected the accuracy of articulation and the degree of word simplification. Structural complexity may contribute to overall hierarchial complexity, in turn causing children to simplify their speech.

Representing Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-143
Author(s):  
Peter van Elswyk
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Knowing That

A speaker's use of a declarative sentence in a context has two effects: it expresses a proposition and represents the speaker as knowing that proposition. This article is about how to explain the second effect. The standard explanation is act-based. A speaker is represented as knowing because their use of a declarative in a context tokens the act-type of assertion and assertions represent knowledge in what's asserted. In this article, a semantic explanation is proposed according to which declaratives covertly host a know-parenthetical. A speaker is thereby represented as knowing the proposition expressed because that is the semantic contribution of the parenthetical. This view is called PARENTHETICALISM. The article contends that parentheticalism better explains knowledge representation than alternatives. As a consequence of outperforming assertoric explanations, parentheticalism opens the door to altogether eliminating the act-type of assertion from linguistic theorizing.

scholarly journals Against Declarativity

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Hans Kellner
Keyword(s):  
Literary Form ◽  
Literary Realism ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Romantic Literature ◽  
Realist Novel ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Declarative Statement

Historical discourse is a period phenomenon shaped by the rhetorical and genre understanding of the moment in which it became formalized and professionalized - that is, the second half of the nineteenth century. In the figurative arts, realist painting and its rival, photography, was dominant, and the literary form this notion of consciousness took was the realist novel. Literary realism devices replaced romantic literature devices, just as those latter devices had succeeded, but never replaced the eighteenth-century devices. Historical discourse and the very notion of proper history followed realism devices, mostly the single-lens photographic perspective, one viewer’s viewpoint. From a discourse perspective, this approach took the form of declarative, statement-making. Also, it is not to say that the declarative sentence which gives this term its name was rejected as the preferred way of making assertions about the world - far from it. Although a few self-conscious stylists (Derrida, for instance) work hard to avoid it, the declarative sentence is almost inevitable. Their readers work even harder. But just as narrativity encompasses a realm that extends far beyond narratives, so that narratives can proliferate in an environment that has, in a crucial sense, rejected grand narratives, so declarative statements will exist without entailing statement-making. The declarative act became the defining mark of professional history and remained its principal mode, just as it remains the predominant mode of literature and any number of other discourses. Indeed, this essay is written in the declarative rhetorical mode. However, literary modernism, philosophy, and a host of scientific developments have left this way of representing the world behind. Moreover, the same technological and intellectual changes that caused the modernist vision have, at the same time, created a different world to be depicted, a different sort of event to be represented historically. Not only the form but also the content have changed. The ethical and practical frustrations of representing such events have led to a theoretical challenge to the declarative form of knowing and to a challenge for the genre distinctions that constitute guild history: the idea of the past produced by academically professionalized individuals. For example, the difference between history and fiction - or rather, their respective relationship to truth and reality - has blurred. In contrast, history has adopted some of the modernist literature devices and the present’s practical demands.

Constitutional Necessity and Epistemic Possibility

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Carter ◽  
Richard I. Nagel
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Possibility ◽  
Declarative Sentence

By an incomplete sentence we shall understand a declarative sentence that can be used, without variation in its meaning, to make different statements in different contexts. Although the point deserves supporting argument, which we will not provide, sentences whose grammatical subjects are indexical expressions or demonstratives are obvious, plausible examples of incomplete sentences. Uttered in one context the sentence ‘He is ill’ may be used to make one statement, for example, that George is ill, while in another context the very same sentence may be used to make a quite different statement, for example, that Paul is ill.

scholarly journals AL-KHUDHU' 'ALA MABDA`I AT-TA`ADDUBI FI ISTIRATIJIYYATI AT-TAWASHULI LADAI AL-MU'ALLIMAH ATSNA`A TA'LIMI AL-LUHGAH AL-'ARABIYYAH FI MA'HAD "AL-MUNAWWARAH" BI JOMBANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Lailatul Qomariyah ◽  
Akhmad Sauqi Ahya
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Foreign Language Teachers ◽  
Interactive Model ◽  
Teaching Learning

This research examines the obediencepoliteness strategies in the teaching learning process.The study focuses on obediencepoliteness strategies in the teaching learning process of Arabic class at Islamic Boarding School in Al Munawaroh. This research is conducted by qualitative case approach. The data of this research is the speech acts of teacher. The data collected is taken from recording observation and interview and is analyzed by interactive model analysis.The findings consist of the obediencepoliteness strategies in the teaching learning process of Arabic class at Islamic Boarding School in Al Munawaroh with two strategies. A direct strategy is used to express functions of: commanding with fiil amar, advising with isim fiil amar "لابد"  dan "عليك", forbidding with لاالناهية+فعل مضارع. A indirect strategy is used to express functions of: commanding with declarative sentence, and forbidding with imperative sentence. With this study, it is expected that The foreign language teachers prefer to use direct strategies rather than indirectly to make meaningful learning.تناول هذا البحث موضوع الخضوع على مبدأ التأدب في استراتيجية التواصل لدى المعلمة أثناء تعليم اللغة العربية. ويستهدف هذا البحث الكشف عن استراتيجية التواصل لدى المعلمة الخضوع على مبدأ التأدب في معهد "المنورة. والمدخل في هذا البحث هو المدخل النوعي بدراسة الحالة المتعددة. والبيانات لهذا البحث هي الأفعال الكلامية لدى المعلمة. وجمعتها الباحثة من ملاحظة بالتوثيق والمقابلة. وحللتها بطريقة الطراز التفاعلي (Interactive Model). والنتائج لهذا البحث هي: 1)الخضوع على مبدأ التأدب في استراتيجية التواصل لدى المعلمة في التفاعل الصفي أثناء تعليم اللغة العربية هو استراتيجية مباشرة وغير مباشرة. واستخدام الاستراتيجية المباشرة بثلاث وظائف وهي: (أ) الأمر بصيغة فعل الأمر، (ب) النصيحة بصيغة اسم فعل الأمر "لابد" و "عليك"، (ج) النهي بصيغة لا الناهية+فعل مضارع؛ واستخدام استراتيجية غير مباشرة لها بوظيفتين (أ) الأمر بصيغة الخبر؛ (ب) النهي بصيغة فعل الأمر. ومن أهم توصيات الدراسة هي لابد للمعلم أن يستخدم استراتيجية مباشرة وغير مباشرة موافقة بسياق التعليمية. إن معلمي اللغة الأجنبية يفضلون أسلوب التوجيه المباشر من الأسلوب غير المباشر لجعل هذه العملية التعليمية التعليم ذي المعنى.

STUDENTS’ INTONATION IN NEWS DISCOURSE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ika Lusi Kristanti
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
First Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Recording Process ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Voice

Intonation plays crucial role in news discourse, mainly: in producing utterance. Speaker has to consider the intonation of his/her utterance in sentence. In this case, speaker also manages their pitch in producing the each kind of sentences.   Principally, intonation is the way of how the pitch of the voice rises and falls when we are speaking. Intonation helps or serves to determine the meaning of utterances. The utterance will be meaningless without intonation. The phenomenon encourages the writer to conduct this research on intonation in news discourse. This research emphasizes on how intonation in news discourse produced by students. This research employs descriptive qualitative research. The data of this research is spoken monologue. The data are obtained through recording the subjects while they are reading. The subjects use a microphone and laptop in recording process. The recording process applies adobe audition 3.0. In term, students’ speech production is analyzed through pitch tracks and spectrograms by using speech analyzer. Based on the findings, students produce two intonation patterns in news discourse: rising intonation pattern and falling intonation pattern. On the other hand, students use certain intonation pattern to declare information (statement/declarative sentence). Besides, there are two factors influencing production of certain intonation pattern by students in news discourse, namely: first language and knowledge

The interrogative intonation in the Kunigami dialect of Okinoerabu, Ryukyu

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Akiko Yokoyama
Keyword(s):  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Gradual Rise

Abstract Cross-linguistically, intonation patterns for yes/no questions rise in many languages. However, there are multiple reports of interrogative sentences with falling intonation in Japanese dialects. It is said that five types of interrogative intonation exist in Japanese dialects: rising, where the end of the sentence always rises; falling 1, where the end of the sentence always falls; falling 2, where the interrogative appears morphologically in the sentence, and the sentence falls; complement, where tone in the sentence falls if the interrogative morphologically appears and rises if it does not; and gradual rise, where the tone gradually rises until the end of the sentence. However, the Kunigami dialect does not adhere to these patterns. In Kunigami yes/no questions, the tone falls if an interrogative morphologically appears but reveals a distinctive intonation from a declarative sentence if it does not. Therefore, in the case of Kunigami, the interrogative intonation typology should not be reconstructed on the basis of absolute rise or fall but on the basis of contrast with a declarative sentence.

On Sentence-final Particles ye and yi in Pre-Qin Chinese: A Study Mainly Based on Evidence from Zuo-zhuan

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-71
Author(s):  
Chenghui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Zuo Zhuan ◽  
Grammatical Functions ◽  
Final Particles

This paper re-opens a discussion on the grammatical functions of declarative sentence final particles ye [也] and yi [矣] in Pre-Qin Chinese. Whereas traditional grammarians hold the opinion that ye and yi are markers of mood, Pulleyblank (1994) argues against it. The present study concludes that their functions have to do with expressing the speaker’s subjectivity, and will be better interpreted in terms of illocutionary force. Its findings support traditional grammarians’ opinion, and further suggest that ye indicate the force of identification, and yi, the force of estimate. It is plausible that the above-mentioned functions of ye and yi are results from historical developments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document