Bald-Faced Lies

2018 ◽  
pp. 251-263
Author(s):  
Jörg Meibauer
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Concise Overview ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Experimental Findings

Bald-faced lies are utterances that seem to lack the intent of the speaker to deceive the hearer, which is usually assumed in the definition of proper lying. Therefore, the so-called non-deceptionists call the latter assumption into question. The so-called deceptionists, sticking to the traditional definition of lying, argue in turn that bald-faced lies either are no real lies or are connected to an intention to deceive. The chapter gives a concise overview of the main positions in this dispute, discusses the cases typically employed to illustrate bald-faced lies, and summarizes recent experimental findings on how ordinary speakers perceive bald-faced lies. It turns out that ordinary speakers often think that bald-faced lies are lies and that they are deceptive at the same time. This poses problems for both the deceptionists and the non-deceptionists.

Emotion and Virtue

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Sreenivasan
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Full Measure ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of

What must a person be like to possess a virtue in full measure? What sort of psychological constitution does one need to be an exemplar of compassion, say, or of courage? Focusing on these two examples, this book ingeniously argues that certain emotion traits play an indispensable role in virtue. With exemplars of compassion, for instance, this role is played by a modified sympathy trait, which is central to enabling these exemplars to be reliably correct judges of the compassionate thing to do in various practical situations. Indeed, according to the book, the virtue of compassion is, in a sense, a modified sympathy trait, just as courage is a modified fear trait. While the book upholds the traditional definition of virtue as a species of character trait, it discards other traditional precepts. For example, the book rejects the unity of the virtues and raises new questions about when virtue should be taught. Unlike orthodox virtue ethics, moreover, this account does not aspire to rival consequentialism and deontology. Instead the book repudiates the ambitions of virtue imperialism, and makes significant contributions to moral psychology and the theory of virtue alike.

scholarly journals A General Framework for Implicit and Explicit Debiasing of Distributional Word Vector Spaces

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (05) ◽  
pp. 8131-8138
Author(s):  
Anne Lauscher ◽  
Goran Glavaš ◽  
Simone Paolo Ponzetto ◽  
Ivan Vulić
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Vector Spaces ◽  
Racial Biases ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cross Lingual ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Embedding Methods

Distributional word vectors have recently been shown to encode many of the human biases, most notably gender and racial biases, and models for attenuating such biases have consequently been proposed. However, existing models and studies (1) operate on under-specified and mutually differing bias definitions, (2) are tailored for a particular bias (e.g., gender bias) and (3) have been evaluated inconsistently and non-rigorously. In this work, we introduce a general framework for debiasing word embeddings. We operationalize the definition of a bias by discerning two types of bias specification: explicit and implicit. We then propose three debiasing models that operate on explicit or implicit bias specifications and that can be composed towards more robust debiasing. Finally, we devise a full-fledged evaluation framework in which we couple existing bias metrics with newly proposed ones. Experimental findings across three embedding methods suggest that the proposed debiasing models are robust and widely applicable: they often completely remove the bias both implicitly and explicitly without degradation of semantic information encoded in any of the input distributional spaces. Moreover, we successfully transfer debiasing models, by means of cross-lingual embedding spaces, and remove or attenuate biases in distributional word vector spaces of languages that lack readily available bias specifications.

scholarly journals Permanent Establishment – New Concept

2019 ◽  
pp. 445-456
Author(s):  
César García Novoa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Permanent Establishment ◽  
International Tax ◽  
Definition Of

The permanent establishment is an essential concept in International Tax Law. The traditional definition was based on the existence of a fixed place of business. At present, the new economy requires a change in the concept of permanent establishment. The topic of permanent establishment is based today on the so-called sufficient economic presence. The European Union is working on the definition of a permanent digital establishment.

THE MOUFANG LAWS, GLOBAL AND LOCAL

2009 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 477-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Present Author ◽  
Inverse Property ◽  
Loop Theory ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Moufang Loops ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Global And Local

There are many possible ways to define Moufang element. We show that the traditional definition is not the most felicitious — for instance, the set of all Moufang elements in an arbitrary loop, qua the traditional definition, need not form a subloop. We offer a new definition of Moufang element that ensures that the set of all Moufang elements in an arbitrary loop is a subloop. Moreover, this definition is "maximally algebraic" with respect to autotopisms. We also give an application of this new definition by showing that a flexible A-element in an inverse property loop is, in fact, a Moufang element, thus sharpening a well-known result of Kinyon, Kunen, and the present author [6]. Finally, we prove that divisible, Moufang groupoids are Moufang loops, thus sharpening a result of Kunen [9], one of the first computer-generated proofs in loop theory.

scholarly journals Anaphora: Text-based or discourse-dependent?

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Cornish
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Anaphor Resolution ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
On Line ◽  
Full Sense ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sense And Reference

The traditional definition of anaphora in purely co-textual terms as a relation between two co-occurring expressions is in wide currency in theoretical and descriptive studies of the phenomenon. Indeed, it is currently adopted in on-line psycholinguistic experiments on the interpretation of anaphors, and is the basis for all computational approaches to automatic anaphor resolution (see Mitkov 2002). Under this conception, the anaphor, a referentially-dependent expression type, requires “saturation” by an appropriate referentially-autonomous, lexically-based expression — the antecedent — in order to achieve full sense and reference. However, this definition needs to be re-examined in the light of the ways in which real texts operate and are understood, where the resulting picture is rather different. The article aims to show that the co-textual conception is misconceived, and that anaphora is essentially an integrative, discourse-creating procedure involving a three-way relationship between an “antecedent trigger”, an anaphoric predication, and a salient discourse representation. It is shown that it is only in terms of a dynamic interaction amongst the interdependent dimensions of text and discourse, as well as context, that the true complexity of anaphoric reference may be satisfactorily described. The article is intended as a contribution to the broader debate within the pages of this journal and elsewhere between the formalist and the functionalist accounts of language structure and use.

Compliance within virtual teams

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphna Shwartz-Asher
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Virtual Team ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Team Task ◽  
Definition Of

In light of the growing phenomenon of virtual teams as a new concept within the Human Resources Management (HRM) world, the traditional definition of team member 'compliance' should be redefined. In order to measure the influence of the virtuality level on the team member’s reaction to instructions, an experiment was designed, in which a team task with a set of instructions was given to 150 subjects who participated in virtual or non-virtual task solving' meetings. This study’s main finding indicates that while the structured virtual team members complied with the directive to divide the labor between them and to appoint a chairperson, the structured non-virtual team members did not comply. It seems that pertaining to the task of appointing a chairperson, as for the division of labor, the use of the “formality” variable may explain the compliance of the structured virtual team members as opposed to the lack of compliance among members of the structured non-virtual team members. This research contributes to a better understanding of virtual team HRM strategies in the hope of improving the teams’ compliance and management within today’s virtual world.

scholarly journals Speaking the Same Language: How the Kodály Method Promotes Disciplinary Literacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Laura Dunbar ◽  
Shelly Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Music Educators ◽  
Disciplinary Literacy ◽  
Literacy Strategies ◽  
Kodaly Method ◽  
Strict Interpretation ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Kodaly Concept

Educators are consistently asked to show their students’ literacy levels; however, the traditional definition of literacy is typically limited to a strict interpretation of reading and writing using text rather than notation. Disciplinary literacy expands the definition of literacy, allowing music educators to teach disciplinary-specific symbology. This article describes how the Kodály concept helps students process sound into symbol, which provides students with specific literacy strategies to convert sound into developmentally appropriate visual representations.

scholarly journals Memory, Desire, and “Magic”: Smará in the Atharvaveda

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
Signe Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Religious Context ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Analytical Category ◽  
Ritual Speech ◽  
Verbal Performance

This essay analyzes the interconnection between memory, desire, and verbal performance in the three so called “women’s love spells” in Atharvaveda 6.130–132. This study unpacks the many interconnected meanings of the term smará, which is used repeatedly in these poems, “memory”, “desire”, or “efficacious ritual speech”. I challenge the traditional definition of these texts as “magical” and argue that applying “magic” as an analytical category to ancient Hindu texts is deeply problematic. Instead, I propose that these poems are better understood in their historical and religious context as examples of ritual speech.

scholarly journals Western hysteria over killing of Cecil the lion! Othering from the Zimbabwean gaze

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garikai Chimuka
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Wildlife Management ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Local People ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Talk Show ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Western Media

The Western media exploded in August 2015 because of a lion killed in Africa. Politicians, conservationists, civil society, musicians, sports stars, talk show hosts and ordinary people were outraged by the killing of a lion called Cecil in Zimbabwe. Interestingly there was not much focus on the reaction of Zimbabweans who were most injured by Cecil’s death. If anything, Zimbabweans were surprised by the blanket coverage of Cecil. In this essay, Zimbabweans’ reaction to the Western media coverage was analysed within the broader context of Edward Said’s concept of ‘Othering’. Viewing the concept of Othering through the Zimbabwean lenses deepened and widened the traditional definition of Othering to include self-Othering and what I termed reverse-Othering. The Zimbabwean gaze must be understood and contextualised. Without this understanding, the ultimate outrage over Cecil, which is about sustainable wildlife management, might not be won for local people must be partners in the sustainability endeavour.

Global Knowledge Game… Wildcard for India!

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 60-84
Author(s):  
Sudipto Patra ◽  
Raj K. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Global Game ◽  
Indian Industry ◽  
Global Brands ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Globalisation has brought all sorts of questions pertaining to Indian MNCs to the fore. The enlargement of the freedom to tap the competitive potential, unhindered by geographical restrictions, is at the heart of these forces of globalisation. It endangers the entrenched domestic market players of the cocooned era of the past, simultaneously presenting them the opportunity to look beyond their traditional market (home) and to leverage its strengths to gain higher profitability. From the Indian perspective, we found that there is a plethora of opportunities and Indian companies can really win this global game if they play it right. In the changing context of business with world moving definitely to a global village we have raised certain questions and tried to answer them in the paper. What is India's competitive advantage? What is the strength that Indian companies can play with to capitalise upon the opportunities that are arising in the global business scenario, at the same time dodging the threats and overcoming their weaknesses? Who are these multinationals that we keep referring to? Are they the giants of the Indian industry? Are they the doyens of the brick and mortar era? Or are they the new-age players in knowledge economy? Why is it that the Indian manufacturing sector could not deliver quality in last 40 years while IT could achieve it in less than a decade? Were there policy bottlenecks that stifled the traditional Indian companies to a stunted Indian presence or something internal to them? There is a question-mark on the traditional definition of an MNC itself - "Company with operation bases in countries other than that of its origin". When a large part of manufacturing is relocating itself in countries that offer the factor cost advantages, as is available in South-East Asia and China, how relevant is the traditional definition of an MNC? isn't MNC the one which looks at transnational marketing, creating global brands, with localised operations (not necessarily in home country) that allow it to attain highest profitability? Why can't TATA and Reliance be dubbed MNCs if they can play to these rules? We found that the Indian MNCs also have certain inherent strengths that can catapult them to the global arena Experience gained by the Indian industry over the last 55 years Accumulated knowledge capital Entrepreneurial spirit shown in the right kind of conditions A new mirldset that is emerging slowly but definitely . Though we are yet to take these strengths to the final frontier of customer satisfaction and the highest order in the business value chain - selling to customers directly or creating global brands - it is only pertinent that we revisit the Indian business scenario with the confidence of delivering quality products as IT has shown. The same factors can help the Indian MN Cs to face the challenges and emerge winners in the new global ball game. We have suggested a broad pack of strategies, which are going to be indispensable for Indian MNCs in 2010 and beyond.

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