Lying in Different Cultures

2018 ◽  
pp. 564-578
Author(s):  
Fumiko Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Japanese People ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Individualism And Collectivism ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
New Zealanders

This chapter reviews key issues related to lying within the framework of a cross-cultural context. First, important notions such as individualism and collectivism are discussed. Various definitions of lying are then introduced based on semantics and pragmatics frameworks (e.g., Grice’s Cooperative Principle). Next, the motivations and acceptability of lies are addressed by referring to values and assumptions found in different cultures. Finally, the chapter examines conversational data collected from Japanese people and New Zealanders. The data contain lies that are used as strategies to manage undesirable situations. The examples illustrate how people would choose different types of lie by following their own cultural protocols and preferences.

Cross-Cultural Validation of Measures of Social Support

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uday Tate
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Factorial Validity ◽  
Supervisory Support ◽  
Sales Personnel ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Cultural Validation

To examine the applicability of social support scales in a cross-cultural context measures of supervisory support, coworkers' support, and support from family members and close friends were obtained from retail sales personnel, 262 from the United States, 195 from Japan, and 183 from Colombia. Reliability and the factorial validity suggest that these measures may be applied across different cultures or nations.

scholarly journals A situation creation system to enable experiential learning in virtual worlds for developing cross-cultural competencies

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-239
Author(s):  
Maryam Sadat Mirzaei ◽  
Kourosh Meshgi ◽  
Toyoaki Nishida
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Competence ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Simulation Games ◽  
Cultural Competencies ◽  
Different Cultures

The emergence of virtual worlds and simulation games provide ample opportunities for developing cultural competence by offering a visual, contextual, immersive, and interactive experience. Learners can benefit from contextual interactions and develop cultural competencies by fulfilling quests or exploring the environment. However, most of the existing systems contain few pre-designed scenarios, inadequate for covering unique aspects of different cultures. This study introduces a situation creation toolkit for teachers and learners to design their culture-specific scenarios in a 3D environment and share it with others to experience such situations. In a preliminary experiment, 37 English learners with different cultural backgrounds created a scenario, specific to their culture, and provided proper/improper communicative choices as well as cultural-related notes. Scenarios were then exchanged to those of different cultures for role-playing and decision-making. Results highlighted the influence of L1 culture and stereotyping when facing an unfamiliar cultural context, thus leading to culturally unacceptable behavior. Findings suggest that through real-life scenario design and experience, our platform can prepare learners to interact in culturally appropriate ways and encourages them to gain cross-cultural competence.

Linguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Karol J. Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Applied Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Linguistic Approaches

This chapter examines approaches to lying and deception within a linguistic framework by studying lying as it relates to phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It details empirical research on linguistic cues to lying, the emergence of lying, and attitudes to lies in different cultures. Both intercultural and cross-cultural studies are included, most of which contrast English with other languages. Coleman and Kay’s seminal work on the semantics of lying and replication studies in Arabic and Spanish are of particular interest. Finally, applied research in various discourse genres such as media language, politics and propaganda, and online discourse are presented. The chapter demonstrates how lying is a pragmalinguistic and sociolinguistic phenomenon that is best understood through empirical studies, ones providing insights into lying in real-life language situations.

Grieving Parents’ Meaning-Making Narration in Relation to Value Orientations: A Cross-Cultural Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 136346152097073
Author(s):  
Daiming Xiu ◽  
Andreas Maercker ◽  
Clare Killikelly ◽  
Yuting Yang ◽  
Xiaoming Jia
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Chinese Sample ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Bereaved Parents ◽  
Different Cultures

This study investigated the association between prolonged grief (PG) severity and meaning-making narration in a cross-cultural context, and specifically aimed to illustrate the role of value orientation in shaping the grieving process. 30 Chinese and 22 Swiss parents who lost their child were asked to narrate and appraise specific memories to reflect their self-evaluation of traditional and modern values. The self-reported Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (ref ICD-11) assessed PG severity. Compared with the Swiss sample, the Chinese sample provided more elaborated memories, which was not associated with symptom severity. Both Chinese and Swiss bereaved parents with more severe PG provided more narratives of loss-related memories, particularly in response to modern values. They also provided more appraisals of negative meanings for self-defining memories, particularly in relation to their traditional values. These findings indicate that, despite cultural differences in narration tendency, PG severity in bereaved parents was associated with the maladaptive integration of autobiographical memories across different cultures, in relation to value orientations. A clinical implication is the potential value of facilitating narrations of grieving clients that center on value orientations to mitigate the hardship of the personal loss.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural Feasibility, Reliability and Sources of Variance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-U. Wittchen ◽  
L. N. Robins ◽  
L. B. Cottler ◽  
N. Sartorius ◽  
J. D. Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Different Cultures

The CIDI is a fully standardised diagnostic interview designed for assessing mental disorders based on the definitions and criteria of ICD–10 and DSM–III–R. Field trials with the CIDI have been conducted in 18 centres around the world, to test the feasibility and reliability of the CIDI in different cultures and settings, as well as to test the inter-rater agreement for the different types of questions used. Of 590 subjects interviewed across all sites and rated by an interviewer and observer, 575 were eligible for analysis. The CIDI was judged to be acceptable for most subjects and was appropriate for use in different kinds of settings. Many subjects fulfilled criteria for more than one diagnosis (lifetime and six-month). The most frequent lifetime disorders were generalised anxiety, major depression, tobacco use disorders, and agoraphobia. Percentage agreements for all diagnoses were above 90% and the kappa values were all highly significant. No significant numbers of diagnostic disconcordances were found with lifetime, six-month, and four-week time frames.

scholarly journals Pemahaman Kompetensi Lintas Budaya bagi UNTSO (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization) untuk Memecah Kebuntuan dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Palestina-Israel [UNTSO Competence in Cross-Cultural Understanding to Break the Deadlock in the Settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict]

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Raden Mas Jerry Indrawan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Competency ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Training ◽  
Different Cultures

<p>UNTSO was the first peacekeeping mission created by the United Nations. They have been in the Middle East since June 1948 with the task of overseeing the implementation of the ceasefire between Israel and Arab countries, including seeking resolution of the conflict between Israel and Palestine. One of the reasons many UN peace missions fail, including UNTSO, was because the peacekeepers do not have the ability to understand the local culture in which they are placed. One of the main difficulties faced by peacekeepers in a conflict involving two groups with two different cultures is uncertainty about cultural values. UNTSO personnel very rarely received training as such and like the usual army, their tendency is to use violence to solve conflicts. There should be a special cultural training focused on developing an understanding of the cultural context, such as background orientation, origin, conflict parties, history, religion, customs, and local community language. This paper tries to provide an analysis through an understanding of cross-cultural competency, which is expected to provide recommendations for resolving the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.</p>

scholarly journals Linguistic and Pragmatic Failure of Arab Learners in Direct Polite Requests and Invitations: A Cross-cultural Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Nahed Ghazzoul
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Pragmatic Failure ◽  
Arab Students ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Communication Breakdowns ◽  
Different Cultures

In a cross-cultural context, the speakers' cultural disposition, linguistic codes, and social identity may influence their pragmatic behaviour; thus, lead to communication breakdowns. This paper studies the cross-cultural pragmatic failure in polite requests among Arab participants from different cultural backgrounds, and reattempts to test[ validate] the universality of Speech Act Theory, and Theory of Politeness. To that end, 96 situations have been collected from 16 Arab participants divided into two groups to examine the polite strategies they use in request and invitation situations. The results of the qualitative data analysis have shown that almost all participants favour conventionally direct strategies in requests and invitations to express politeness and hospitality. As for the Arab students who are UK citizens, the results indicated that they have a tendency to use more indirect strategies in different situations. However, this indirectness was perceived as lack of hospitality in invitations, and lack of pragmatic clarity in requests by the first group. The results of the data analysis show that there is no one formula of how politeness can be perceived by different cultures, and that the differences stem out from different socio-cultural norms. The findings also provide worthwhile insights into theoretical issues concerning Arabic communicative acts, as well as the relation between the universal pragmatic features, and culture-specific theoretical differences.

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