Studies of Expertise and Experience: A Sociological Perspective on Expertise

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-102
Author(s):  
Harry Collins ◽  
Robert Evans
Keyword(s):  
Science Studies ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Imitation Game ◽  
Interactional Expertise ◽  
New Research

The research programme known as Studies of Expertise and Experience (SEE), often referred to as the “Third Wave of Science Studies,” treats expertise as real and as the property of social groups. This chapter explains the foundations of SEE and sets out the theoretical and methodological innovations created using this approach. These include the development of a new classification of expertise, which identifies a new kind of expertise called “interactional expertise,” and the creation of a new research method known as the Imitation Game designed to explore the content and distribution of interactional expertise. It concludes by showing how SEE illuminates a number of contemporary issues such as the challenges of interdisciplinary working and the role of experts in a “post-truth” society.

IT-Based Classification for Supply Chain Coordination Mechanisms

2013 ◽  
pp. 148-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Ghahremani ◽  
Mohammad Jafar Tarokh
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Supply Chain Coordination ◽  
Coordination Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Role Of It

Managing dependencies via coordination is an effective solution for the problems that arise from these interdependencies in supply chains. This can be practical via a set of methods called coordination mechanisms. Numerous coordination mechanisms have been discussed before in literature. This paper develops a new classification of these mechanisms on the basis of information technology (IT) impact on them. This classification proves the important role of IT in better coordinating supply chains and help managers distinguish between coordination mechanisms that are created and improved by information technology and thus lead them to have the best choice based on their infrastructures and organization type.

scholarly journals Juridical Persons and Subjects of Public Law: in Legal Balance Search

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Вениамин Яковлев ◽  
Vyeniamin YAkovlyev ◽  
Эльвира Талапина ◽  
Elvira Talapina
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
Juridical Person ◽  
Public Entity

The joint position of civil and administrative law specialists concerning an opportunity and need to obtain by public law subjects of the juridical person status is presented in this article. Public entity is a civil law subject, but it is presented by its public bodies. Considering features of public authorities as juridical person, authors draw the conclusion about a secondary role of a civil status. The article suggests new classification of administrative law subjects for public and private subjects depending on their role in public administration. The category of the juridical person of public law could be useful to settle the problem of the state “double face” in private relations. At the same time the authors call attention to various and ambiguous prospects of the Russian legislation development in this concept should be employed. The authors have formulated the principle of correct adoption according to which traditional civil concepts have to be accepted by public law in their initial understanding, without distortions, and vice versa.

scholarly journals Phenomenological classification of cultural heritage: role of virtual reality

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyuk-Jin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Virtual Experiences

Human consciousness is always the consciousness toward some thing and our perception of cultural heritage is no exception. Thus, understanding human cognition is closely related to understanding how the perceptible objects are classified in human mind. The perceptible objects include both physical and virtual experiences and thoughts, and it is important and necessary to analyze the types and the effective levels of those objects. With the emergence of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies in cultural heritage field, it is necessary to understand how and why different cognitive media such as realor visual reality including VR, are differently recognized by people. This study suggests the philosophical and theoretical frame for the usage of phenomenological classfication and analysis. By using this new classification with the case of Korean built heritage, the role of VR is explained in cultural discourse of the community.

THE THIRD WAVE OF SCIENCE STUDIES AS A PHILOSOPHICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR STS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 31-52
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Sociology Of Science ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Interactional Expertise ◽  
Sociology Of Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Third ◽  
Philosophical Ontology ◽  
Empirical Sociology

The principle of reflexivity is a stumbling block for David Bloor’s “strong program” in the sociology of scientific knowledge — the program that gave rise to alternative projects in the field called science and technology studies (STS). The principle of reflexivity would require that the empirical sociology of scientific knowledge must itself be subject to the same kind of causal, impartial, and symmetrical investigation that empirical sociology applies to the natural sciences. However, applying reflexivity to empirical sociology would mean that sociologists of science fall into the trap of the “interpretive flexibility of facts” just as natural scientists do when they try to build theories upon facts, as the empirical sociology of scientific knowledge has discovered. Is there a way to overcome this regression in the empirical sociology of knowledge? Yes, but it lies in the philosophical rather than the empirical plane. However, the philosophical “plane” is not flat, because philosophy is accustomed to inquiring into its own foundations. In the case of STS, this inquiry takes us back to the empirical “plane,” which is also not flat because it requires philosophical reflection and philosophical ontology. This article considers the attempt by Harry Collins to bypass the principle of reflexivity by turning to philosophical ontology, a manoeuver that the empirical sociology of science would deem “illegal.” The “third wave of science studies” proposed by Collins is interpreted as a philosophical justification for STS. It is argued that Collins formulates an ontology of nature and society, which underlies his proposed concepts of “interactional expertise” and “tacit knowledge” — keys to understanding the methodology of third-wave STS. Collins’ ontology begins by questioning the reality of expert knowledge and ends (to date) with a “social Cartesianism” that asserts a dualism between the physical and the mental (or social).

‘New Agnosticism’, Imaginative Challenge, and Religious Experience

Agnosticism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 107-139
Author(s):  
David Leech
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
New Research

This chapter makes a contribution to recent discussions within new conceptual territory for agnosticism opened up by John Schellenberg’s work in the philosophy of religion. Critics have recently questioned whether Schellenberg’s defence of non-doxastic imaginative faith in ultimism is the most adequate non-doxastic faith stance or the most adequate proposal for a new research programme in the philosophy of religion. I consider here two possible challenges to ultimism as a non-doxastic faith stance and as a research programme: one from Kantian-inspired religious pluralism; and one from the claim that a broader religious framework proposition (‘ietsism’) is more adequate for these purposes than ultimism. The analysis pays particular attention to the role of religious experience. I conclude that notwithstanding the prima facie force of these two objections, it is still appropriate for an agnostic to embrace ultimistic non-doxastic faith.

Chemokines in the pathogenesis of liver disease: so many players with poorly defined roles

2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. SIMPSON ◽  
Neil C. HENDERSON ◽  
Cynthia L. BONE-LARSON ◽  
Nicholas W. LUKACS ◽  
Cory M. HOGABOAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Hepatic Disease ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
New Classification

Many new chemokines have been described in recent years, resulting in a new classification of these chemoattractant proteins. The characterization of the biological functions of most chemokines relates to their ability to induce chemotaxis in circulating inflammatory cells. However, it is now clear that chemokines have a much wider biological role, including angiogenesis, carcinogenesis and involvement in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Our understanding of the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of disorders of the lungs and brain outstrips that with regard to disorders of the liver. An increased understanding of the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of liver disease may lead to the development of novel therapies for hepatic disease.

Role of Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography in the Evaluation of Renal Transplant Reflux – Comparison with Voiding Cystourethrography and a New Classification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Maria Drudi ◽  
Flavia Angelini ◽  
Michele Bertolotto ◽  
Antonio Granata ◽  
Giovanni Battista Di Pierro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Voiding Cystourethrography ◽  
Voiding Urosonography ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Kidney Transplant Patients

AbstractVesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common urological complication in renal transplant patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (CEvUS) in the diagnosis and classification of reflux into the renal allograft, to evaluate and classify VUR into the allograft using voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) and CEvUS, to compare the two methods, and to propose a new classification of reflux into the allograft based on CEvUS and VCUG assessment, in line with the international reflux grading system. Materials and Methods From January 2017 to July 2019, 84 kidney transplant patients were enrolled. All patients underwent VCUG and CEvUS. Results In 76 cases there was agreement between VCUG and CEvUS (90 %) (Kappa = 0.7). The sensitivity of CEvUS using VCUG as the gold standard was 90 %, and the specificity was 92 %. Of the 7 cases diagnosed by VCUG and not by CEvUS, 6 were grade 1 and 1 was grade 2. Conclusion Transplant patients with reflux symptoms should undergo CEvUS. If the outcome is negative, VCUG should be performed. The classification that we propose is better suited to describe VUR in transplant patients, because it is simpler and takes into account whether reflux occurs not only during urination but also when the bladder is relaxed.

scholarly journals The Phenomenon of Soviet Holiday

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Storchak ◽  
OLGA OGORODNIKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Functional Significance ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Traditional Calendar ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

The article is aimed at studying theore­tical aspects of the concept of “holiday” in the context of the category of “social institution”; presenting the main etymological and substantive components of holiday — generally accepted and historically established rules and regulations, the order and way of action that are observed by virtue of well-established traditions, stereotypical behavior, etc.The article analyzes the specifics of holiday closely associated with the archetypal need for its existence, the ambivalence of holiday, its democracy, calendar character, magnitude, and entertainment.The authors study the functional significance of ho­liday. They demonstrate the role of holidays in sha­ping common experiences among actors of the social groups arising in the course of interaction, which in turn reinforce the individual experiences of parti­cipants and send them in a common direction, encou­raging joint active participation in the life of society.In terms of classification of Soviet holiday, the article identifies the following positions: national and revolutionary holidays, labor ones, traditional calendar-household ones, family-public ones, etc.The article considers the structure of Soviet holiday and its main elements, including the idea and event, moral and psychological content, social memory, principles of organization, and means of ideological and artistic expression.

scholarly journals On the need for revision of some names of plant health malfunctions and their categorisation

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kůdela
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Plant Medicine

The development of branches dealing with plant health science and plant health care proceeded more or less in three separate disciplines dealing with microbial plant pathogens (plant pathology), animal pests (applied entomology, etc.) and weeds (weed science). It resulted in disunity in concepts of basic terms such as disease, disorder and injury, in different approaches to categorisation and naming of the main types of plant health problems, and in ambivalence in the use of names for plant malfunctions of abiotic origin. Different terms are used with varying frequency for denoting the same phenomenon. The tenor of this article is to submit some suggestions for redefinition of the main types of plant health problems, their new classification and categorisation. We used the following criteria for classification of a wide spectrum of plant health problems: origin of causal agent, the mechanism by which the causal agent disrupts plant health, and epidemiological features. After the analysis of common and different properties of particular plant health problems and relationships between them, we categorised them using three neologisms, namely bioticosis, abioticosis and co-abio-bioticosis. Redefinitions of the main types of plant health problems are presented. A polyfunctional role of animal pests in plant malfunctions is discussed. Besides, examples of proposed common names for plant malfunctions caused by abiotic agents are given. The objective of the submitted suggestions is to support efforts aimed at conceptual, nomenclatural and institutional unification of plant medicine as a theoretical/practical branch.  

IT-Based Classification for Supply Chain Coordination Mechanisms

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Ghahremani ◽  
Mohammad Jafar Tarokh
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Supply Chain Coordination ◽  
Coordination Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Role Of It

Managing dependencies via coordination is an effective solution for the problems that arise from these interdependencies in supply chains. This can be practical via a set of methods called coordination mechanisms. Numerous coordination mechanisms have been discussed before in literature. This paper develops a new classification of these mechanisms on the basis of information technology (IT) impact on them. This classification proves the important role of IT in better coordinating supply chains and help managers distinguish between coordination mechanisms that are created and improved by information technology and thus lead them to have the best choice based on their infrastructures and organization type.

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