Chemokines in the pathogenesis of liver disease: so many players with poorly defined roles

2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. SIMPSON ◽  
Neil C. HENDERSON ◽  
Cynthia L. BONE-LARSON ◽  
Nicholas W. LUKACS ◽  
Cory M. HOGABOAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Hepatic Disease ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
New Classification

Many new chemokines have been described in recent years, resulting in a new classification of these chemoattractant proteins. The characterization of the biological functions of most chemokines relates to their ability to induce chemotaxis in circulating inflammatory cells. However, it is now clear that chemokines have a much wider biological role, including angiogenesis, carcinogenesis and involvement in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Our understanding of the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of disorders of the lungs and brain outstrips that with regard to disorders of the liver. An increased understanding of the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of liver disease may lead to the development of novel therapies for hepatic disease.

Activated sludge population dynamics

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Wanner
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Selection Mechanisms ◽  
Sludge Settling

The paper briefly surveys topics covered by the IAWQ Specialist Group on Activated Sludge Population Dynamics. The activated sludge population dynamics has been formulated as a branch of water science and technology concerned with phenomena governing the relationships between activated sludge microorganisms and their functions. The characterization of organic pollution fractions in wastewaters according to their rate of biodegradation has been discussed and the role of wastewater as an inoculum stressed. The characterization of activated sludge biomass has been evaluated from two viewpoints: grouping according to metabolic abilities and identification and classification of activated sludge microorganisms. The basic selection mechanisms influencing the microbial composition of activated sludge have been described. The problems with activated sludge settling and thickening properties have been mentioned as a typical example of applied population dynamics research.

scholarly journals Smartphones and Learning: An Extension of M-Learning or a Distinct Area of Inquiry

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Kendall Hartley ◽  
Alberto Andújar
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Distinct Area ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Author Keywords ◽  
Learning Research ◽  
Research In Education

The smartphone has become an integral part of the education landscape. While there has been significant smartphone research in education under the guise of m-learning, the unique role of the device suggests that m-learning may not be an appropriate characterization. The purpose of this paper is to review the use of m-learning as a primary descriptor for smartphone- and learning-related research. In support of this goal, the paper reviews the definitions associated with m-learning, smartphones, and related technologies from the perspective of educational research. In addition, a review of author keywords of research on smartphones in education is used to provide context to the classification of the research. Finally, three theoretically guided smartphone programs are presented as evidence of the unique nature of smartphone and learning research. This review concludes with recommendations for the characterization of future research.

Characterization of proteins with Siaα2-3/6Gal-linked glycans from bovine milk and role of their glycans against influenza A virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 5198-5208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanjie Yu ◽  
Yaogang Zhong ◽  
Zhiwei Zhang ◽  
Xiawei Liu ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Bovine Milk Proteins

The bovine milk proteins have a wide range of functions, but the role of the attached glycans in their biological functions has not been fully understood yet.

IT-Based Classification for Supply Chain Coordination Mechanisms

2013 ◽  
pp. 148-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Ghahremani ◽  
Mohammad Jafar Tarokh
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Supply Chain Coordination ◽  
Coordination Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Role Of It

Managing dependencies via coordination is an effective solution for the problems that arise from these interdependencies in supply chains. This can be practical via a set of methods called coordination mechanisms. Numerous coordination mechanisms have been discussed before in literature. This paper develops a new classification of these mechanisms on the basis of information technology (IT) impact on them. This classification proves the important role of IT in better coordinating supply chains and help managers distinguish between coordination mechanisms that are created and improved by information technology and thus lead them to have the best choice based on their infrastructures and organization type.

scholarly journals Are Virtual Particles Less Real?

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Field ◽  
Interacting Particles ◽  
Virtual Particles ◽  
Quantum Particles ◽  
Action At A Distance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The question of whether virtual quantum particles exist is considered here in light of previous critical analysis and under the assumption that there are particles in the world as described by quantum field theory. The relationship of the classification of particles to quantum-field-theoretic calculations and the diagrammatic aids that are often used in them is clarified. It is pointed out that the distinction between virtual particles and others and, therefore, judgments regarding their reality have been made on basis of these methods rather than on their physical characteristics. As such, it has obscured the question of their existence. It is here argued that the most influential arguments against the existence of virtual particles but not other particles fail because they either are arguments against the existence of particles in general rather than virtual particles per se, or are dependent on the imposition of classical intuitions on quantum systems, or are simply beside the point. Several reasons are then provided for considering virtual particles real, such as their descriptive, explanatory, and predictive value, and a clearer characterization of virtuality—one in terms of intermediate states—that also applies beyond perturbation theory is provided. It is also pointed out that in the role of force mediators, they serve to preclude action-at-a-distance between interacting particles. For these reasons, it is concluded that virtual particles are as real as other quantum particles.

scholarly journals Role of the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN Genes in Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manu Kumar ◽  
Dung Thi Le ◽  
Seongbin Hwang ◽  
Pil Joon Seo ◽  
Hyun Uk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Transcription Factor Family ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Ammonium Metabolism

The INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) genes comprise a conserved transcription factor family that regulates a variety of developmental and physiological processes in plants. Many recent studies have focused on the genetic characterization of IDD family members and revealed various biological functions, including modulation of sugar metabolism and floral transition, cold stress response, seed development, plant architecture, regulation of hormone signaling, and ammonium metabolism. In this review, we summarize the functions and working mechanisms of the IDD gene family in the regulatory network of metabolism and developmental processes.

Studies of Expertise and Experience: A Sociological Perspective on Expertise

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-102
Author(s):  
Harry Collins ◽  
Robert Evans
Keyword(s):  
Science Studies ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Imitation Game ◽  
Interactional Expertise ◽  
New Research

The research programme known as Studies of Expertise and Experience (SEE), often referred to as the “Third Wave of Science Studies,” treats expertise as real and as the property of social groups. This chapter explains the foundations of SEE and sets out the theoretical and methodological innovations created using this approach. These include the development of a new classification of expertise, which identifies a new kind of expertise called “interactional expertise,” and the creation of a new research method known as the Imitation Game designed to explore the content and distribution of interactional expertise. It concludes by showing how SEE illuminates a number of contemporary issues such as the challenges of interdisciplinary working and the role of experts in a “post-truth” society.

scholarly journals Juridical Persons and Subjects of Public Law: in Legal Balance Search

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Вениамин Яковлев ◽  
Vyeniamin YAkovlyev ◽  
Эльвира Талапина ◽  
Elvira Talapina
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
Juridical Person ◽  
Public Entity

The joint position of civil and administrative law specialists concerning an opportunity and need to obtain by public law subjects of the juridical person status is presented in this article. Public entity is a civil law subject, but it is presented by its public bodies. Considering features of public authorities as juridical person, authors draw the conclusion about a secondary role of a civil status. The article suggests new classification of administrative law subjects for public and private subjects depending on their role in public administration. The category of the juridical person of public law could be useful to settle the problem of the state “double face” in private relations. At the same time the authors call attention to various and ambiguous prospects of the Russian legislation development in this concept should be employed. The authors have formulated the principle of correct adoption according to which traditional civil concepts have to be accepted by public law in their initial understanding, without distortions, and vice versa.

scholarly journals Phenomenological classification of cultural heritage: role of virtual reality

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyuk-Jin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Virtual Experiences

Human consciousness is always the consciousness toward some thing and our perception of cultural heritage is no exception. Thus, understanding human cognition is closely related to understanding how the perceptible objects are classified in human mind. The perceptible objects include both physical and virtual experiences and thoughts, and it is important and necessary to analyze the types and the effective levels of those objects. With the emergence of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies in cultural heritage field, it is necessary to understand how and why different cognitive media such as realor visual reality including VR, are differently recognized by people. This study suggests the philosophical and theoretical frame for the usage of phenomenological classfication and analysis. By using this new classification with the case of Korean built heritage, the role of VR is explained in cultural discourse of the community.

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