Deafness

2020 ◽  
pp. 212-222
Author(s):  
Rebecca Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Signed Languages ◽  
Signed Language

This chapter describes deaf experiences of reading, particularly those that occur in signed languages. It explores both visual and tactile methods of signed language reading and analyzes the ways these practices enable alternative theorizations of reading and its potentials as well as the reasons that referring to the processes of decoding signed language utterances as reading is appropriate. Specifically, it focuses on the implications of encountering the human body as text and the relationships between human subjects and language that become possible in such contexts through readings of several ASSL poems including Bernard Bragg’s “Flowers and Moonlight on Spring Water” and “The Pilot and the Eagle,” Ian Sanborn’s “Caterpillar,” and Ayisha Knight-Shaw’s “Until.”

Tissue necrosis and passage of fluid due to cold stress from the thermally damaged human body peripherals: A mathematical model

2015 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550012
Author(s):  
M. A. Khanday ◽  
Fida Hussain ◽  
Khalid Nazir
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Heat Equation ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Diffusion Equations ◽  
Tissue Necrosis ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Element Technique

The development of cold injury takes place in the human subjects by means of crystallization of tissues in the exposed regions at severe cold temperatures. The process together with the evaluation of the passage of fluid discharge from the necrotic regions with respect to various degrees of frostbites has been carried out by using variational finite element technique. The model is based on the Pennes' bio-heat equation and mass diffusion equations together with suitable initial and boundary conditions. The results are analyzed in relation with atmospheric temperatures and other parameters of the tissue medium.

Talk Isn’t So Cheap

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Aronoff ◽  
Jonathan Rawski ◽  
Wendy Sandler ◽  
Iris Berent
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Signed Languages ◽  
Language Universals ◽  
Abstract Language

Spoken and signed languages differ because of the affordances of the human body and the limits of each medium. But can commonalities between the two be compared to find abstract language universals?

Perceiving fingerspelling via point-light displays: The stimulus and the perceiver both matter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna C Quandt ◽  
Athena Willis ◽  
Carly Leannah
Keyword(s):  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Total N ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Signed Languages ◽  
Real Place ◽  
Signed Language ◽  
Point Light

Signed language users communicate in a wide array of sub-optimal environments, such as in dim lighting or from a distance. While fingerspelling is a common and essential part of signed languages, the perception of fingerspelling in varying visual environments is not well understood. Signed languages such as American Sign Language (ASL) rely on visuospatial information that combines hand and bodily movements, facial expressions, and fingerspelling. Linguistic information in ASL is conveyed with movement and spatial patterning, which lends itself well to using dynamic Point Light Display (PLD) stimuli to represent sign language movements. We created PLD videos of fingerspelled location names. The location names were either Real (e.g., KUWAIT) or Pseudo-names (e.g., CLARTAND), and the PLDs showed either a High or a Low number of markers. In an online study, Deaf and Hearing ASL users (total N = 283) watched 27 PLD stimulus videos that varied by Realness and Number of Markers. We calculated accuracy and confidence scores in response to each video. We predicted that when signers see ASL fingerspelled letter strings in a suboptimal visual environment, language experience in ASL will be positively correlated with accuracy and self-rated confidence scores. We also predicted that Real location names would be understood better than Pseudo names. Our findings show that participants were more accurate and confident in response to Real place names than Pseudo names and for stimuli with High rather than Low markers. We also discovered a significant interaction between Age and Realness, which shows that as people age, they can better use outside world knowledge to inform their fingerspelling success. Finally, we examined the accuracy and confidence in fingerspelling perception in sub-groups of people who had learned ASL before the age of four. Studying the relationship between language experience with PLD fingerspelling perception allows us to explore how hearing status, ASL fluency levels, and age of language acquisition affect the core abilities of understanding fingerspelling.

The notation of signed texts

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Antinoro Pizzuto ◽  
Paola Pietrandrea
Keyword(s):  
General Problem ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Signed Languages ◽  
Signed Language ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Future Work

This paper focuses on some of the major methodological and theoretical problems raised by the fact that there are currently no appropriate notation tools for analyzing and describing signed language texts. We propose to approach these problems taking into account the fact that all signed languages are at present languages without a written tradition. We describe and discuss examples of the gloss-based notation that is currently most widely used in the analysis of signed texts. We briefly consider the somewhat paradoxical problem posed by the difficulty of applying the notation developed for individual signs to signs connected in texts, and the more general problem of clearly identifying and characterizing the constituent units of signed texts. We then compare the use of glosses in signed and spoken language research, and we examine the major pitfalls we see in the use of glosses as a primary means to explore and describe the structure of signed languages. On this basis, we try to specify as explicitly as possible what can or cannot be learned about the structure of signed languages using a gloss-based notation, and to provide some indications for future work that may aim to overcome the limitations of this notation.

Ultrasound Imaging Characterization of Soft Tissue Dynamics of the Seated Human Body

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Yamada ◽  
Alperen Değirmenci ◽  
Robert D. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Excitation Amplitude ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Body Dynamics ◽  
Excitation Pattern

Abstract To characterize the dynamics of internal soft organs and external anatomical structures, this paper presents a system that combines medical ultrasound imaging with an optical tracker and a vertical exciter that imparts whole-body vibrations on seated subjects. The spatial and temporal accuracy of the system was validated using a phantom with calibrated internal structures, resulting in 0.224 mm maximum root-mean-square (r.m.s.) position error and 13 ms maximum synchronization error between sensors. In addition to the dynamics of the head and sternum, stomach dynamics were characterized by extracting the centroid of the stomach from the ultrasound images. The system was used to characterize the subject-specific body dynamics as well as the intrasubject variabilities caused by excitation pattern (frequency up-sweep, down-sweep, and white noise, 1–10 Hz), excitation amplitude (1 and 2 m/s2 r.m.s.), seat compliance (rigid and soft), and stomach filling (empty and 500 mL water). Human subjects experiments (n = 3) yielded preliminary results for the frequency response of the head, sternum, and stomach. The method presented here provides the first detailed in vivo characterization of internal and external human body dynamics. Tissue dynamics characterized by the system can inform design of vehicle structures and adaptive control of seat and suspension systems, as well as validate finite element models for predicting passenger comfort in the early stages of vehicle design.

Co-forming real space blends in tactile signed language dialogues

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Mesch ◽  
Eli Raanes ◽  
Lindsay Ferrara
Keyword(s):  
Body Part ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Signed Languages ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Signed Language ◽  
Semiotic Perspective

AbstractThis article reports on a linguistic study examining the use of real space blending in the tactile signed languages of Norwegian and Swedish signers who are both deaf and blind. Tactile signed languages are typically produced by interactants in contact with each other’s hands while signing. Of particular interest to this study are utterances which not only consist of the signer producing signs with his or her own hands (or other body parts), but which also recruit the other interactant’s hands (or another body part). These utterances, although perhaps less frequent, are co-constructed, in a very real sense, and they illustrate meaning construction during emerging, embodied discourse. Here, we analyze several examples of these types of utterances from a cognitive linguistic and cognitive semiotic perspective to explore how interactants prompt meaning construction through touch and the involvement of each other’s bodies during a particular type of co-regulation.

Dynamic ease evaluation for 3D garment design

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Fangfang Zhang ◽  
Trevor John Little
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Comfort Evaluation ◽  
Garment Design

Purpose 3D garment design technology is developing rapidly thereby creating a need for different approaches to developing the patterns. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the 3D dynamic ease distribution for a 3D garment design. Design/methodology/approach Standard garments were created from Size 2 to Size 14 for ten human subjects. Landmarks location on both human body and the standard garment under dynamic postures are recorded, and he fit and comfort evaluation of the standard garment were collected from the ten human subjects. Finally, these data were used to evaluate the 3D dynamic ease distribution for a 3D garment design. Findings 3D dynamic ease evaluation is challenging and the findings showed that the upper-arm design is a core element of the whole 3D garment design. The upper arm is not only a connecting part for both front and back pieces of the garment, but is also the main active part of the body, so it is the essential element to affect the comfort and fit of the garment under dynamic postures. Originality/value This research provides a novel 3D ease evaluation by analyzing the landmarks location of both human body and standard garment, and fit and comfort evaluation of the standard garment, which are all carried under dynamic postures.

Gesture and language

Gesture ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherman Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Signed Languages ◽  
Signed Language ◽  
Grammatical Morphemes ◽  
Linguistic System ◽  
Region I ◽  
Using Data

In this paper I explore the role of gesture in the development of signed languages. Using data from American Sign Language, Catalan Sign Language, French Sign Language, and Italian Sign Language, as well as historical sources describing gesture in the Mediterranean region, I demonstrate that gesture enters the linguistic system via two distinct routes. In one, gesture serves as a source of lexical and grammatical morphemes in signed languages. In the second, elements become directly incorporated into signed language morphology, bypassing the lexical stage. Finally, I propose a unifying framework for understanding the gesture-language interface in signed and spoken languages.

scholarly journals Smart Chair for Monitoring of Sitting Behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengjie Huang ◽  
Ian Gibson ◽  
Rui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Human Computer Interactions ◽  
Intelligent Environment ◽  
Sitting Posture ◽  
Behavior Monitoring ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Classifier ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Posture Monitoring

<p class="1">Sitting is a common behavior of human body in daily life. It is found that poor sitting postures can link to pains and other complications for people in literature. In order to avoid the adverse effects of poor sitting behavior, we have developed a highly practical design of smart chair system in this paper, which is able to monitor the sitting behavior of human body accurately and non-invasively. The pressure patterns of eight standardized sitting postures of human subjects were acquired and transmitted to the computer for the automatic sitting posture recognition with the application of artificial neural network classifier. The experimental results showed that it can recognize eight sitting postures of human subjects with high accuracy. The sitting posture monitoring in the developed smart chair system can help or promote people to achieve and maintain healthy sitting behavior, and prevent or reduce the chronic disease caused by poor sitting behavior. These promising results suggested that the presented system is feasible for sitting behavior monitoring, which can find applications in many areas including healthcare services, human-computer interactions and intelligent environment.</p>

scholarly journals Advances in the study of signed languages within a cognitive perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 29-56
Author(s):  
Rocío Martínez ◽  
Sara Siyavoshi ◽  
Sherman Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Signed Languages ◽  
Signed Language ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
Pointing Device ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data

In this paper we describe a cognitive grammar approach to the study of signed language grammar. Using data from different signed languages, we explore three broad topics. First, we examine pointing, Place, and placing. We analyze pointing as a construction consisting of a pointing device, a symbolic structure which directs the interlocutor’s conceptual attention, and a Place, a symbolic structure consisting of a spatial location and a meaning, the focus of attention. Placing is a construction in which non-body anchored signs are placed at a location in space, thereby creating or recruiting a Place structure which can be used in subsequent discourse. We examine how these structures work in nominal grounding and in extended discourse. Second, we examine a cognitive grammar approach to grammatical modality. Our analysis is based on the cognitive model called the control cycle, which posits two types of control: effective, which describes our striving to influence what happens in the world, and epistemic, which concerns how we make sense of the world. We explore how effective and epistemic modality are expressed in facial displays, focusing on the brow furrow and a display with down-turned corners of the mouth we call the horseshoe mouth. Finally, we offer a brief account of a cognitive grammar approach to the relation between sign and gesture.

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