Inequality, Education, and Corruption

2021 ◽  
pp. 426-446
Author(s):  
Eric M. Uslaner
Keyword(s):  
State Capacity ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Economic Equality ◽  
Universal Education ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Early Introduction ◽  
Equal Education ◽  
Strong Motivation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Of Corruption

This chapter shows a link between levels of mass education in 1870 and corruption levels in 2010 for 78 countries that remains strong when controlling for change in the level of education, GDP/ capita, and democracy. A model for the causal mechanism between universal education and control of corruption is presented. Early introduction of universal education is linked to levels of economic equality and to efforts to increase state capacity. First, societies with more equal education gave citizens more opportunities and power for opposing corruption. Secondly, the need for increased state capacity was a strong motivation for the introduction of universal education in many countries. Strong states provided more education to their publics and such states were more common where economic disparities were initially smaller.

Universal Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Bo Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Mass Education ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Universal Education ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Equal Education ◽  
Strong Motivation ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Of Corruption

Widespread education has been linked to lower levels of corruption. This chapter shows a surprisingly strong correlation between levels of mass education in 1870 and corruption levels in 2010 for 78 countries. This correlation remains strong when controlling for change in the level of education, GDP/capita, and democracy. A model for the causal mechanism between universal education and control of corruption is presented. Firstly, societies with more equal education gave citizens more opportunities and power for opposing corruption. Secondly, universal education leads to other factors that seem to promote decreased corruption, such as a high level of generalized trust, and a sense nationalism leading people to identify with an entire country rather than with specific sects, clans, or ethnic/religious groups. Thirdly, losing wars seem to have led elites to strive for increased state capacity and was a strong motivation for the introduction of universal education in many countries.

scholarly journals Development of Digital Subterranean Models for Real-Time Open Cut Horizon Control

Resources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Strange ◽  
Zak Jecny
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Digital Mine ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Mining Machinery ◽  
Strong Motivation ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
And Control

A reliable coal seam sensing system is required to improve the productivity of selective mining in open-cut mining operations. A prototype system based upon commercial ground penetrating radar equipment, which measures coal thickness from the top of an exposed surface down to an underlying coal-interburden interface and generates digital subterranean models of the subsurface seam boundaries, was developed for this purpose. The models can be deployed to commercially available in-cab assistive guidance systems for bulldozers and other mining machinery in existing production processes, and can further contribute to the databases required for remote operation and control in a complete digital mine scenario. The system was evaluated at a production open cut coal mine in Queensland, Australia, with promising results. The benefits reported by operational personnel who evaluated the digital surface model in the mining environment provide strong motivation for ongoing technology development.

scholarly journals Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control, and Associated Factors: Results from a National Survey, Jordan

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Y. Jaddou ◽  
A. M. Batieha ◽  
Y. S. Khader ◽  
A. H. Kanaan ◽  
M. S. El-Khateeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Hypertension Prevalence ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
And Control

The study examined prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension (HTN), and associated factors and to evaluate the trend in hypertension between 2009 (period 2) and 1994–1998 (period 1). A national sample of 4117 adults aged 25 years and older was selected. Prevalence rate of HTN (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or on antihypertensive therapy) was 32.3% and was higher than the 29.4% prevalence rate reported in period 1. Prevalence rate was significantly higher among males, older age groups, least educated, obese, and diabetics than their counterparts. The rate of awareness among hypertensives was 56.1% and was higher than the 38.8% rate reported form period 1 data. Awareness was positively associated with age, smoking, and diabetes for both men and women, and with level of education and body mass index for men. Rate of treatment for HTN among aware patients was 63.3% and was significantly higher than the 52.8% rate reported in period1. Control rate of HTN among treated hypertensives was 39.6%; significantly higher than the 27.9% control rate in period 1. Control of HTN was positively associated with age but only for women. In conclusion, HTN is still on the rise in Jordan, and levels of awareness and control are below the optimal levels.

scholarly journals Institutional Analysis of Shadow Economy (Study on ASEAN 7 Developing Countries)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Ana Rahmawati Wibowo ◽  
Wiwin Indrayanti
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Of Corruption

This study aims to analyze the institutional variables of governance in ASEAN 7 developing countries. The independent variables consist of Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law and Control of Corruption, while shadow economy is dependent variable. The data used in this study are quantitative data and secondary data by using program Stata 14, the analysis technique used is multiple linear regression panel data. The results show that Voice and accountability has a negative and significant effect on the shadow economy as well as Political stability, Government effectiveness and Control of corruption on the other side. Regulatory quality has a positive and significant effect on the amount of shadow economy. Meanwhile, Rule of law no significant effect on the shadow economy. Underlying the results, the study arranges some policy to reduce negative effect of shadow economy.

scholarly journals PENGARUH ELEMEN GOOD GOVERNANCE TERHADAP TINGKAT KORUPSI DI ASIA TENGGARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
Dinda Ayu Dizrisa ◽  
Sudrajat Sudrajat ◽  
Niken Kusumawardani
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Of Corruption

Corruption is a complex social, political and economic problem and occurs in every country with different levels. Corruption will complicate democracy and governance of a country. To overcome the problem of corruption, the government must implement good governance. This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the effect of elements of good governance on the level of corruption in Southeast Asia. Good governance variables are presented by six variables: voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence / terrorism, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption. Meanwhile, the level of corruption is measured using the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). The research sample was selected using the purposive sampling method and produced a sample of 8 countries and the observation period was carried out in 2009-2018 or as many as 10 years, so the number of samples in this study were 80 samples. Corruption level data used in this study uses the Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International), while the good governance data used in this study uses the Worldwide Governance Indicators (World Bank). The research methodology used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis with the IBM SPSS Statistics 24 program. The results showed that the variable voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence / terrorism, and rule of law had no effect on the level of corruption, whereas the government variable effectiveness, regulatory quality, and control of corruption affect the level of corruption.

scholarly journals Increasing Supply of Tradable Goods in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-117
Author(s):  
Macleans Mzumara
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Tradable Goods ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Of Corruption

The author investigated the nature of institutional quality in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) on the basis of voice and accountability political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption. The author further investigated the existence of a link between institutional quality and factors of production. The results show that capital, entrepreneurship and foreign direct investment are the major determinants of production of tradable goods in COMESA. In exception of Mauritius and Namibia (currently no longer a member) the rest of COMESA member states have very poor institutional quality. This affects their ability to attract foreign direct investment hence production of tradable goods. Voice and accountability, government effectiveness, rule of law and political stability play a major role in increasing production of tradable goods in COMESA. Foreign direct investment is affected by voice and accountability, rule of law and political stability than any other factors. Availability of raw material is affected by government effectiveness, regulatory quality, political stability, voice and accountability and control of corruption. Capital is very sensitive to issues of voice and accountability and control of corruption and regulatory quality.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on Contribution of Governance on Economic Growth Countries in the East African Community

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Abuga Orayo ◽  
George Nyarigoti Mose
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
East African Community ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Of Corruption

<p>This study sought to explore the relationship between good governance and economic growth among the East Africa Community (EAC) countries. The study utilized panel data to analyse six major World Bank governance indicators namely: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law and Control of Corruption effect on economic growth in the respective country and region for the period 1999-2013. The Random effect model (REM) and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation techniques were employed for comparative analysis. The study showed that among the governance indicators, political stability, quality regulatory and control of corruption were significant. The first two indices were negatively related to economic growth rate while the latter was positively related to economic growth rate. From the OLS models, voice and accountability had a significant effect on economic growth rate in Kenya and Uganda. The quality of regulation had significant effect in Kenya and Tanzania while rule of law was found to be significant only in Kenya. The study suggests that in order to advance the economic performance in EAC countries, the EAC states need to invest in more effective regulation on both public and private institutions to enhance social, political and sustainable economic interactions. Similarly, the government needs to encourage national cohesion and peaceful co-existence that would foster political stability and reduce violence. By investing in good governance through establishment of key institutions of governance are likely to spur economic growth.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document