Libertarianism

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Mack
Keyword(s):  
Hard Core ◽  
The Other ◽  
Voluntary Agreements ◽  
Robert Nozick ◽  
Ayn Rand ◽  
The Core ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Moral Claims ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

The core prescriptive postulate of libertarianism is that individuals have strong moral claims to the peaceful enjoyment of their own persons and their own legitimate extra-personal possessions along with similarly strong claims to the fulfillment of their voluntary agreements with others. All (non-pacifist) libertarians take these moral claims to be so strong and salient that force and the threat of force may permissibly be employed to defend against and to rectify their infringement. On the other hand, only infringements of these core claims trigger the permissible use or threat of force. Other deployments of force or the threat of force are taken themselves to be violations of the moral claims asserted by the prescriptive postulate. This article presents a brief history of libertarian political philosophy, focusing on six hard-core libertarian theorists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: Herbert Spencer, Lysander Spooner, Gustav de Molinari, Ayn Rand, Murray Rothbard, and Robert Nozick.

scholarly journals Agile Methodology and War Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Cătălin Tudose
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Business Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Art Of War ◽  
Agile Methodology ◽  
The Core ◽  
Business Goals ◽  
History Of ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Managing Complexity

The history of humankind offers lots of remarkable ideas and innovations in strategy and tactics. There is no area where people have shown more inventiveness than defending themselves or attacking and conquering others. On the other hand, the Agile methodology emerged from software development, where it tried to provide support for the successful organization of delivery projects, that have to fight and conquer the complexity. This article evidences similarities between the Agile methodology and attacking and war strategies, making extended references to one of the most renowned military treaties: Sun Tzu's The Art of War. Making inter-disciplinary analogies, comparing and contrasting the concepts from different disciplines are at the core of this article. We'll investigate what things as initial estimations, attack by stratagem, tactical dispositions, energy, weak points, and strong points, maneuvering, variation in tactics, the army on the march, terrain, arriving on unknown ground, concrete situations on the ground, the use of spies, or what the attack by fire may mean in software development. We'll analyze how these war strategy concepts transpose to Agile concepts like adding business value, getting to the business goals, managing complexity, conducting the work the incremental and non-incremental way.

scholarly journals “The Sixth Sense”: Towards a History of Muscular Sensation

Gesnerus ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-271
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Knowledge ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Active Subject ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Senses ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

This paper outlines the history of knowledge about the muscular sense and provides a bibliographic resource for further research. A range of different topics, questions and approaches have interrelated throughout this history, and the discussion clarifies this rather than presenting detailed research in any one area. P art I relates the origin of belief in a muscular sense to empiricist accounts of the contribution of the senses to knowledge from Locke, via the idéologues and other authors, to the second half of the nineteenth century. Analysis paid much attention to touch, first in the context of the theory of vision and then in its own right, which led to naming a distinct muscular sense. From 1800 to the present, there was much debate, the main lines of which this paper introduces, about the nature and function of what turned out to be a complex sense. A number of influential psycho-physiologists, notably Alexander Bain and Herbert Spencer, thought this sense the most primitive and primary of all, the origin of knowledge of world, causation and self as an active subject. Part II relates accounts of the muscular sense to the development of nervous physiology and of psychology. In the decades before 1900, t he developing separation of philosophy, psychology and physiology as specialised disciplines divided up questions which earlier writers had discussed under the umbrella heading of muscular sensation. The term ‘kinaesthesia’ came in 1880 and ‘proprio-ception’ in 1906. There was, all the same, a lasting interest in the argument that touch and muscular sensation are intrinsic to the existence of embodied being in the way the other senses are not. In the wider culture – the arts, sport, the psychophysiology of labour and so on – there were many ways in which people expressed appreciation of the importance of what the anatomist Charles Bell had called ‘the sixth sense’.

The heart as an image of deification in mystical writing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Kučerková
Keyword(s):  
Mystical Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
God's Love ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theological Concept

The paper explores two phenomena powerful in life and interpretive terms: the heart and deification. One is understood as deeply human, the other as metaphysically appealing. It is a connection present in the history of Christian thinking for a long time, since the heart is perceived as an inner space where God meets man, in the most intimate form, which can only acquire the character of unification. Deification, as the experience of Christian mystics and mystics shows, basically means the deepest unification with God and activation of the change in God’s love. The issue examined in the paper is presented in the form of a brief guide to the theological concept of deification, and also the convergence of the historical and biblical views of the heart. The core of thinking about the topic is the interpretation of the heart as an inner image the (heart as the center, exchange of hearts) and the interpretation of the phenomenality of deification in the context of written mystical experience.

scholarly journals Psychiatry in descent: Darwin and the Brownes

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 748-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Walmsley
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
History Of Psychiatry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Italian School ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
General Terms ◽  
History Of

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) enjoys an uneasy position in the history of psychiatry. In general terms, he showed a personal interest in the plight of the mentally ill and an astute empathy for psychiatric patients. On the other hand, he has generated derogatory views of insanity, especially through the writings of English social philosophers like Herbert Spencer and Samuel Butler, the Italian School of “criminal anthropology” and French alienists including Victor Magnan and Benedict Morel.

The Formation of an Ottoamn Egyptian Elite in the 18th Century

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Piterberg
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
The Core ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Civilization

The conquest of the Mamluk sultanate by the Ottoman Empire brought into confrontation two centers in the history of Islamic civilization. One, Asia Minor and southeast Europe, was the center of the Ottoman Empire. The other, Egypt, had been the core of the Mamluk sultanate for 2½ centuries (1250–1517). Both states were dominated by Turkish-speaking elites based on the institution of military slavery. In both cases this slave-recruited manpower was the backbone of the army, and, to a lesser extent, of the administration.

The Višňová Castle Library

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Petr Mašek
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
The Core ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The core of the Višňová castle library was formed already in the 17th century, probably in Paderborn. Afew volumes come from the property of the archbishop of Cologne, Ferdinand August von Spiegel (1774–1835), but most of the items were collected by his brother Franz Wilhelm (1752–1815), a minister of the Electorate of Cologne, chief construction officer and the president of the Academic Council in Cologne. A significant group is formed by philosophical works: Franz Wilhelm’s collection comprised works by J. G. Herder, I. Kant, M. Mendelsohn as well as H. de Saint-Simon and J. von Sonnenfels. Another group consisted of historical works, e.g. by E. Gibbon; likewise his interest in the history of Christianity is noticeable. The library contains a total of more than 6,200 volumes, including 40 manuscripts, 3 incunabula and 15 printed books from 16th century; more than a half of the collection is formed by early printed books until the end of the 18th century. The other volumes come from the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Volumes from the 17th century include especially Latin printed books on law, and one can perceive interest in collecting books on philosophy. There are many publications devoted to Westphalia; in addition, the library contains a number of binder’s volumes of legal dissertations from the end of the 17th century and the entire 18th century published in diverse German university towns. Further disciplines widely represented in the library are economics and especially agriculture, with the publications coming from the 18th and 19th centuries.

scholarly journals The Formation of the Bhikṣu Ordination in 19th Century Chosŏn Korea: Focusing on the Ten Wholesome Precepts of the Monk Paekp’a

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Ja-rang Lee
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Korean Buddhism ◽  
Choson Korea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Ordination can be said to be the core of Buddhism and maintaining this tradition is the key to maintaining Buddhism. This was the realization of the monastics in early 19th century Korea such as Paekp’a (1767–1852), Taeŭn (1780–1841), and Manha (d.u.) who were the pioneers in reviving the ordination tradition at a time when the saṃgha must have suffered a severe decline of this all too important tradition. Among these three monks, there were some commonalities such as the common geography of Chirisan area in the Hoam region where they started this movement and the fact that Paekp’a and Taeŭn, belonged to the Pyŏngyang lineal clan, the lineal descendants of the great masters Hyujŏng and P’yŏnyang. The effort to revitalize the ordination tradition by Paekp’a and other monks were successful in establishing their lineal clan and, at the same time, significantly contributed to securing their lineage within the history of Korea Buddhism. However, because Paekp’a’s method of the ten wholesome precepts was seen to be different from the traditional methods of ordination, its influence was. Taeŭn’s methods, on the other hand, by borrowing notions from the Brahmā’s Net Sutra which allowed monks to revitalize their lineal clan through one’s own effort, drew support from eminent monks and became widely practiced. Similarly, the lineage that was formed by Manha by traveling to China on being recognized for its legitimacy came to be established as part of the mainline of Korean Buddhism. While such methods were successful in responding to the dire situation of the early 19th century, this movement also provided the foundation for the continuation to the modern period the traditional orthodox lineage that was started some 300 years earlier.

scholarly journals Analysis of research programs: a sociological perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-128
Author(s):  
VOLODYMYR REZNIK
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociological Knowledge ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Structural Levels ◽  
Protective Belt

The origins and content of the methodology of scientific research programs of I. Lakatos are considered taking into account the problems and tasks of the history of sociology. The reception of the methodology of research programs in sociology can be explained by the relevance of the analytical model of the structure and dynamics of the research program in the analysis of sociological knowledge. Within the framework of sociological knowledge, metatheoretical, theoretical and empirical structural levels are analytically distinguished. Certain structural analogies are observed: between the “hard core” and “negative heuristics” of the research program, on the one hand, and metatheory, on the other; between the “protective belt” and the “positive heuristic” of the research program, on the one hand, and theory, on the other; between the empirical content of the research program, on the one hand, and the empirical basis of sociology, on the other. One can observe a number of analogies in the dynamics of functional connections between the structural components of the research program, on the one hand, and the dynamics of functional connections between metatheorizing, theorizing, and empirical analysis in sociology, on the other.

scholarly journals On the Syllogistic of G. Boole

Discourse ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Yu. Yu. Chernoskutov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Original Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Logic ◽  
Symbolic Algebra ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Core Features

Introduction. This article focuses on the investigation of Boole’s theory of categorical syllogism, exposed in his book “The Mathematical analysis of Logic”. That part of Boolean legacy has been neglected in the prevailed investigations on the history of logic; the latter provides the novelty of the work presented.Methodology and sources. The formal reconstruction of the methods of algebraic presentation of categorical syllogism, as it is exposed in the original work of Boole, is conducted. The character of Boolean methods is investigated in the interconnections with the principles of symbolic algebra on the one hand, and with the principles of signification, taken from R. Whately, on the other hand. The approaches to signification, grounding the syllogistic theories of Boole and Brentano, are analyzed in comparison, wherefrom we explain the reasons why the results of those theories are different so much.Results and discussion. It is demonstrated here that Boole has borrowed the principles of signification from the Whately’s book “The Elements of Logic”. The interpreting the content of the terms as classes, being combined with methods of symbolic algebra, has determined the core features of Boolean syllogism theory and its unexpected results. In contrast to Whately, Boole conduct the approach to ultimate ends, overcoming the restrictions imposed by Aristotelean doctrine. In particular, he neglects the distinction of subject and predicate among the terms of proposition, the order of premises, and provide the possibility to draw conclusions with negative terms. At the same time Boole missed that the forms of inference, parallel to Bramantip and Fresison, are legitimate forms in his system. In spite of the apparent affinities between the Boolean and Brentanian theories of judgment, the syllogistics of Boole appeared to be more flexible. The drawing of particular conclusion from universal premises is allowable in Boolean theory, but not in Brentanian one; besides, in his theory is allowable the drawing of conclusion from two negative premises, which is prohibited in Aristotelian syllogistic.Conclusion. Boole consistently interpreted signification of terms as classes; being combine with methods symbolic algebra it led to very flexible syllogism theory with rich results.

scholarly journals The Manifestation of “The Other” and the Possibility of Self-Redemption - Reconsidering the Authenticity of Where Yellow Sails are Flying

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Zi Ling
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Politics ◽  
Jacques Lacan ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Schemata ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
The Core ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Context ◽  
Urban Problems

Authenticity, as a research topic in the field of urban problems, is a concentrated reflection of many cultural anxieties caused by urbanization. This article selects the movie Where Yellow Sails Are Flying, trying to clarify the inherent logic and theoretical contexts of authenticity, including what it is, how to define its perceptual, imaginative and practical connotation in the ontology angle. And then pointing out that “human”, as the core of cognitive schemata in practice, has the meaning of otherness of others, so cannot be attributed to an object of “being” or theoretical reality. It not only contains Benjamin’s Messianic unknowable dimension, but also is closely related to the negation of the metaphysical system of presence in the post-modern context. Finally, authenticity, as a kind of cultural politics and practice, is considered to be a collection of blindness and insight, distorting the experience by generalizing and abstracting while displaying the fracture of the signifier and signified. It is only through multiple cultural perspectives can individuals escape from the history of “the other”. This paper also uses the relevant arguments of scientists or philosophers such as Slavoj Žižek, Zygmunt Bauman and Jacques Lacan to critically interpret the theory of authenticity.

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