scholarly journals The Formation of the Bhikṣu Ordination in 19th Century Chosŏn Korea: Focusing on the Ten Wholesome Precepts of the Monk Paekp’a

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Ja-rang Lee
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Korean Buddhism ◽  
Choson Korea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Ordination can be said to be the core of Buddhism and maintaining this tradition is the key to maintaining Buddhism. This was the realization of the monastics in early 19th century Korea such as Paekp’a (1767–1852), Taeŭn (1780–1841), and Manha (d.u.) who were the pioneers in reviving the ordination tradition at a time when the saṃgha must have suffered a severe decline of this all too important tradition. Among these three monks, there were some commonalities such as the common geography of Chirisan area in the Hoam region where they started this movement and the fact that Paekp’a and Taeŭn, belonged to the Pyŏngyang lineal clan, the lineal descendants of the great masters Hyujŏng and P’yŏnyang. The effort to revitalize the ordination tradition by Paekp’a and other monks were successful in establishing their lineal clan and, at the same time, significantly contributed to securing their lineage within the history of Korea Buddhism. However, because Paekp’a’s method of the ten wholesome precepts was seen to be different from the traditional methods of ordination, its influence was. Taeŭn’s methods, on the other hand, by borrowing notions from the Brahmā’s Net Sutra which allowed monks to revitalize their lineal clan through one’s own effort, drew support from eminent monks and became widely practiced. Similarly, the lineage that was formed by Manha by traveling to China on being recognized for its legitimacy came to be established as part of the mainline of Korean Buddhism. While such methods were successful in responding to the dire situation of the early 19th century, this movement also provided the foundation for the continuation to the modern period the traditional orthodox lineage that was started some 300 years earlier.

The treatment of syntax by some early 19th-century linguists

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Graffi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Common Core ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The One

Summary This article examines the views about syntax held by Humboldt, on the one hand, and by the founders of historical-comparative grammar (Bopp, Rask, Grimm, Pott, Schleicher), on the other. In general, it is noted that the grammaire générale tradition of 17th and 18th centuries still survives in the work of such scholars, despite of all criticism they seemingly raised against it. For Humboldt, the common core of all languages has its source in the identity of human thought; also his treatment of the verb and especially his reference to a ‘natural’ word order (i.e., SVO) are clearly reminiscent of this tradition. Traces thereof are also found in Bopp’s analysis of Indo-European conjugation, and in some of Rask’s writings. For instance, Rask, just as Humboldt, assumes a ‘natural’ word order and proposes a list of possible syntactic forms which closely remind us of Girard’s membres de phrase. Grimm’s position appears as more innovative, heavily influenced by a Romantic view of language, but some older conceptions sometimes show up in his work, e.g., when he deals with the notion of ‘subject’. Pott does not completely reject general grammar and a logically-based view of language; he only stresses the need of a more empirical approach than that adopted by the 17th and 18th century linguists. This picture radically changed with Steinthai and Schleicher: the former scholar pronounced a ‘divorce’ between grammar and logic, while the latter one argued that syntax does not belong to linguistics proper and rejected any possibility of postulating syntactic distinctions which do not have any direct morphological correlate.

scholarly journals Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Inna Põltsam-Jürjo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Food History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.

Tastes for blubber: diversity and locality of whale meat foodways in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Jun Akamine
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss how whale meat foodways in Japan is a local practice, contrary to the prevailing political belief that it is national, and to examine two local whale meat foodways in Japan by focusing on the usage of blubber. To understand complexity of whaling issue, one needs to be careful of species rather than general “whale.”Design/methodology/approachBy investigating two kinds of recipe books, one published in the early 19th century and the other the early 20th century on whale meat dish, the paper clarifies blubber has been widely consumed rather than lean meat, and blubber was more important than lean meat as whale meat.FindingsThe western part of Japan has rich whale meat foodways compared to other parts of Japan. It is because of their history of whaling since the 17th century. They have inherited rich whale meat foodways.Originality/valueAlthough whale sashimi and deep-fried lean meat are popular nationwide regardless of their communities' history, former whaling communities in the western part of Japan developed a preference for blubber, skin, tongue and offal over lean meat. Whale meat foodways in Japan, therefore, is a local heritage. This fact should be the starting point for analyzing Japanese whaling and whale meat foodways.

scholarly journals Freemasonry and the Orient

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara De Poli
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The West ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

The symbolic and historical dimension of the main founding archetypes of Freemasonry – the Orient with a special focus on Egypt – are at the core of this book, which aims to recover the red thread with which masons tie together Masonry and Oriental esotericism. If, on the one hand, the Author points out mystifications and inventions that have characterised part of the Masonic narrative on its origins; on the other hand, she unearths the history of real contaminations and intersections between esotericism of the East and the West, digging up the common matrix that nourished them.

scholarly journals The History of the Transfiguration (Abalak) Churchyard in the 17th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Evgeny P. Zagvazdin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Area ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
The West ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
History Of

The archaeological research of the Transfiguration churchyard (the area of the Abalak Monastery of the Holy Sign) which was widely conducted in 2007 to 2010 allowed examining certain issues related to the history of the churchyard in more detail. The first generalizing work by P. Danilov covered a number of various aspects and became of great significance. Nevertheless, some aspects were pushed into the background, mainly due to the versatile nature of the work. The aim of this article is to shed some light onto certain aspects of the earlier history of the Transfiguration churchyard before the fire (early to late 17th century), taking into account the unpublished data and re-evaluated excavation records. Its relevance is based on the scarcity of written records of the mentioned period and the fact that they only describe the history of the Transfiguration churchyard in general, whereas archaeological data clarify certain moments of its history. Unfortunately, all the research combined since the beginning of excavation did not amount to much (approximately 220 sq.m), thus all available data were taken into consideration. The research conducted in 2010 is especially significant. The occupation layer next to the western monastery wall was examined through two exploratory shafts. The local area of the digging site totaled up to 18 sq.m. The exploratory shaft next to the Cathedral of the Holy Sign included a small pit and an earlier pit with a rod post from the cemetery fence, which dates back to an earlier period. The burials located to the east from the fence and dating back to the early 17th – late 18th centuries were explored. The other exploratory shaft, located 32 m south from the first one, offers a similar picture. The burials found through the second exploratory shaft date back to the same period. The finding of a female’s burial under the northern monastery wall, which demonstrates the direction the cemetery developed in, was also examined. Overall, the data obtained due to the excavation in 2010 allowed creating a working hypothesis concerning the purpose of the small pit in the first exploratory shaft (a place of worship) and providing further proof of the location of some churchyard boundaries: the northern one (a female’s burial) and the western one (the wooden fence remnants). The findings of posts in the upper horizons of the second exploratory shaft confirm that the boundaries of the cemetery (and later the monastery) did not undergo significant changes until the early 19th century. They were altered in the early 19th century with the construction of a stone fence approximately 3.5–4.5 m to the west from the former wooden fence.

Ahara as Pathya and Apathya in Amlapitta - A Review.

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakshith . ◽  
Shivakumar . ◽  
Sreeharsha . ◽  
Divyasree .
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
The Core ◽  
Common Disorder ◽  
The Common

The core principles in Ayurveda give prime importance to Agni, Prakriti, Ahara (food) and Vihara (lifestyle) in maintaining health. Present era people are scheduled to one or the other works due to which they are following unrightful food and habits which lead the manifestation of one of the common disorder which troubles person a lot - Amlapitta. By excess “Hurry, Worry and Curry” GIT disorders are the most common, not only affecting physical health but also psychological and social health. Amlapitta is one of that and it is a burning problem of the whole World. Amalpitta is composed of word Amla and Pitta. Amlapitta is a very common disease caused by Vidagdha Pitta with features like Amlodgara, Tiktodgara, Hrit, Kantha Daha etc. Pathya recommended in Amlapitta are Yava, Godhuma, Purana Shali, Mudga Yusha, Lajasaktu etc. Apathya recommended in Amlapitta are Navanna, Avidugdha, Masha, Kulattha, Dadhi and etc. So this present review article throws light on Pathya (conducive) and Apathya (non conducive) in Amlapitta.

On the nature of chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Unity ◽  
The 19Th Century

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>

XXIII. On the water-barometer erected in the hall of the Royal Society

1832 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 539-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Tube ◽  
French Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Made In

I have for some time entertained an opinion, in common with some others who have turned their attention tot he subject, that a good series of observations with a Water-Barometer, accurately constructed, might throw some light upon several important points of physical science: amongst others, upon the tides of the atmosphere; the horary oscillations of the counterpoising column; the ascending and descending rate of its greater oscillations; and the tension of vapour at different atmospheric temperatures. I have sought in vain in various scientific works, and in the Transactions of Philosophical Societies, for the record of any such observations, or for a description of an instrument calculated to afford the required information with anything approaching to precision. In the first volume of the History of the French Academy of Sciences, a cursory reference is made, in the following words, to some experiments of M. Mariotte upon the subject, of which no particulars appear to have been preserved. “Le même M. Mariotte fit aussi à l’observatoire des experiences sur le baromètre ordinaire à mercure comparé au baromètre à eau. Dans l’un le mercure s’eléva à 28 polices, et dans Fautre l’eau fut a 31 pieds Cequi donne le rapport du mercure à l’eau de 13½ à 1.” Histoire de I'Acadérmie, tom. i. p. 234. It also appears that Otto Guricke constructed a philosophical toy for the amusement of himself and friends, upon the principle of the water-barometer; but the column of water probably in this, as in all the other instances which I have met with, was raised by the imperfect rarefaction of the air in the tube above it, or by filling with water a metallic tube, of sufficient length, cemented to a glass one at its upper extremity, and fitted with a stop-cock at each end; so that when full the upper one might be closed and the lower opened, when the water would fall till it afforded an equipoise to the pressure of the atmo­sphere. The imperfections of such an instrument, it is quite clear, would render it totally unfit for the delicate investigations required in the present state of science; as, to render the observations of any value, it is absolutely necessary that the water should be thoroughly purged of air, by boiling, and its insinuation or reabsorption effectually guarded against. I was convinced that the only chance of securing these two necessary ends, was to form the whole length of tube of one piece of glass, and to boil the water in it, as is done with mercury in the common barometer. The practical difficulties which opposed themselves to such a construction long appeared to me insurmount­able; but I at length contrived a plan for the purpose, which, having been honoured with the approval of the late Meteorological Committee of this Society, was ordered to be carried into execution by the President and Council.

„Staunest Fremdling / Diese Stein an?“ Das Außen des Innen in Tourismus und Idylle

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Jan Gerstner
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Difference ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Tourist Gaze ◽  
Structural Analogy ◽  
The One

Abstract This article examines the structural analogy between the literary idyll and tourism that lies in the specific difference between idyllic and touristic spaces on the one hand and those of a modern, functionally differentiated, and rational everyday life on the other. The peak in the production of literary idylls as well as the onset of tourism in the late 18th and early 19th century can thus be conceptualized as a reaction to experiences of alienation due to emerging processes of modernization. An analysis of Goethe’s Der Wandrer shows however how literary idylls not only helped to shape the tourist gaze, but also reflected on the touristic and idyllic experience as an experience between foreignness, alienation and belonging.

From Evolutive Paranoia, by August Wimmer (1902)

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-495
Author(s):  
German E Berrios ◽  
Johan Schioldann ◽  
Johan Schioldann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Delusional Disorder ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
World War ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Changes ◽  
Clinical Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinical Concept

Literature on the history of ‘paranoia’ (as a clinical concept) is large and confusing. This is partly explained by the fact that over the centuries the word ‘paranoia’ has been made to participate in several convergences (clinical constructs), and hence it has named different forms of behaviour and been linked to different explanatory concepts. The Classic Text that follows provides information on the internal clinical evolution of the last convergence in which ‘paranoia’ was made to participate. August Wimmer maps the historical changes of ‘ Verrücktheit’ as it happened within the main European psychiatric traditions since the early 19th century. After World War II, that clinical profile was to become reified and renamed as ‘delusional disorder’.

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