Markets/Marketization

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne H. Marchand ◽  
Rocio del Carmen Osorno Velázquez
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
Affective Labor ◽  
Global Restructuring ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Conceptual Construction ◽  
Neoclassical Economic Theory ◽  
Global North ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Feminists from a range of disciplines and perspectives theorized the basic androcentric bias in neoliberal (or neoclassical) economic theory. This chapter analyzes the market as a gendered spatial and conceptual construction and shows how marketization—the encroachment of the market upon noneconomic spheres—involves gendered practices that are embedded in and constitutive of, and transformative of unequal power relations of gender, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, age, national origin, and geopolitical locations. It traces how neoliberal global restructuring has affected women’s participation in productive, reproductive, and virtual economies, including agribusiness, industrial production, the service sector, transnational care work, and sex work, and in the area of affective labor. And it demonstrates how the financialization of noneconomic spheres of the global economy insert women from the global North and the global South into the global financial sector through microfinancing schemes, which subject them to the disciplinary and regulatory power of global finance.

Women-Led Businesses: An Ethnographic Study of Gendered Entrepreneurship in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-414
Author(s):  
Humera Dinar
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Development Model ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Communities ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Neoliberal Development ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
Cultural Pressures ◽  
Gilgit Baltistan

As a result of the growing global economy and a development model with entrepreneurialism at its heart, women in remote and high-mountain societies in Gilgit-Baltistan, the northernmost part of Pakistan, have begun to venture outside the traditional and gendered economies by embarking on new forms of income-generating activities. This ethnographic study of women entrepreneurs in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, provides a critical analysis of the promotion of women’s entrepreneurship as a key strategy by development organizations to address gender inequities. The ethnographic accounts of women’s diverse experiences as entrepreneurs featured in this article demonstrate that the neoliberal development model and the global capitalist market serve as an opportunity for women in these high-mountain communities that allows them to push against socio-cultural pressures. Within these environments, women strive to become economic actors and make space for themselves in conventionally male-dominated economic trades such as business and entrepreneurship. In contrast to the NGOs’ narratives that glorify women as entrepreneurs in uncontentious ways, my ethnographic research views women as complex subjectivities whose lived experiences are embedded within socio-economic, religious and political dimensions of notions of legitimacy that dictate women’s participation in public spaces. The ethnographic accounts in this article illustrate how women navigate, negotiate, contest and reproduce the patriarchal sovereignties and development regimes.

POSSIBILITIES OF REALIZATION OF SERVICE SECTOR POTENTIAL IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Melnichuk
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
The World

The relevance of the study is due to the growing role of services in the world economy. Trade in services has become the dominant driver of economic growth and development in both developed and developing economies. Since the 1980s, data suggest that there is a stronger relationship between trade in services and gross domestic product (GDP) than in the case of commodity growth and GDP. It is noted that the quality of policies, regulations and institutional frameworks is a key factor in determining the effectiveness of services. As services are increasingly subject to liberalization through multilateral and regional trade agreements, it is important that countries develop harmonized approaches to internal regulation and trade liberalization in the services sector. The article identifies the features and characteristics of the service sector as a factor of multifaceted development and growth. The dynamics of international trade in services by geographical structure and types of development of countries is studied on the basis of statistical data of international organizations, taking into account the impact of the pandemic. It is noted that international trade in services is becoming an increasingly important part of global commerce. The problematic aspects of the activity of small business entities to enter foreign markets of services are considered. The issue of urgency of digital economy development for the sphere of services and contribution to world markets is outlined. Opening up the services sector has the potential to bring great benefits and deserves more attention. Further prospects for the realization of entrepreneurial potential in a comprehensive global economy are outlined. It is noted that services are an important part of the world economy, generating more than two-thirds of world gross domestic product (GDP), attracting more than three-quarters of foreign direct investment in developed economies, and creating most of new jobs worldwide. Establishing effective coordination mechanisms between trade negotiators, policymakers and regulators will be an important tool for the development of the global economy.

FDI and Trade in Services Towards Sustainable Economic Growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 369-381
Author(s):  
Madhabendra Sinha ◽  
Partha Pratim Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Current Phase ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth

The paper empirically investigates the inter-linkage between FDI inflow and international trade in service sector in India. Service sector emerges as the fastest growing sector worldwide during current phase of globalization, contributing more than 60 percent of output and almost 35 percent of trade in global economy. The sector also accounted for 63 percent of global stock of FDI. With hosting a large amount of FDI inflow, Indian service sector is also identified globally due to its substantial improvement in growth and export in international market. So there needs a study to explore the theoretically established causal relationship between FDI inflow and international trade in services towards sustainable and service led economic growth in India. The authors collect monthly data from DIPP, Government of India and RBI over a globally witnessed emerging period from January 2009 to June 2016 and apply ADF and PP unit root tests followed by least square estimation after testing the seasonal effects. Their findings imply unidirectional causality between FDI inflow and export Indian services.

Muslim Origins and Destinations

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Tahir Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Global North ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Downward Social Mobility

Patterns of racism in the Global North are correlated with the changing nature of globalization and its impact on individual economies, especially over the last four decades. The ‘left behind’ are groups in society who have faced considerable downward social mobility, with some becoming targeted by the mainstream and fringe right-wing groups who do this to release their pent up frustration towards the center of political and economic power. How this form of racism has evolved over time to focus on race, ethnicity, culture and now religion is explored in relation to the UK case, discussing the rise of Trump and the issue of Brexit as symptoms of a wider malaise affecting societies of the Global North. These forms of tribalism act to galvanize the right, combining racism with white supremacy, xenophobia and isolationism.

Sleeping with the enemy? On Hayek, constructivist thought, and the current economic crisis

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLIVER KESSLER
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
Current Economic Crisis ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Current Reform ◽  
Primary Focus

AbstractThe current economic crisis challenges the constitutive rules of global finance. Despite its various roots, dynamics, and consequences, the current reform debate is surprisingly limited in scope: it focuses on possible changes of Basle II and thus banking regulation only. This article suggests that the reason for this ‘gap’ can be found in the idea of asymmetric information. The idea that the asymmetric dispersion of information is the ‘real’ cause of the crisis is reiterated constantly in public documents. However, the argument rests upon two assumptions: that crises are exogenous to otherwise efficient and stable markets, and that finance is an autonomous field where the primary focus of the current reform can then concentrate on its laws. It is thought that it is enough to reform financial markets to stabilise the global economy. This article suggests that this belief is utterly misguided and argues that a more comprehensive picture of the current turmoil needs to abandon exactly these two assumptions. To pursue such an avenue, this article provids an interpretation of Hayek's social theory.

States and the future of global finance

1992 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Helleiner
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Finance ◽  
International Economics ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
The Future

One of the central objectives of the field of international political economy (IPE) in the last 20 years has been to introduce insights from the field of international relations into the study of global economic affairs. Although this effort has been largely successful in the study of international trade, much less attention has been focused on the financial sector of the global economy. Seemingly highly technical and arcane, the study of international finance has been left largely to specialists in international economics, financial journalists, and international financial practitioners.

scholarly journals The discourse of competitiveness and the dis-embedding of the national economy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Linsi
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Competition State ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Neoclassical Economic Theory ◽  
Post War ◽  
National Economies

In the 1950s-70s inward foreign direct investments (IFDI) were widely seen as a menace, threatening to undermine national economic development. Two decades later such concerns had virtually disappeared. Rather than as a problem, IFDI were now portrayed as a solution - even symbols of national economic success. To better understand the ideational dynamics underlying this remarkable transformation in perceptions of IFDI, this research traces the evolution of economic discourses in the United Kingdom over the post-war period. Deviating from conventional accounts in constructivist IPE, the investigation indicates that the rise of first-generation neoliberal discourses in the 1980s played only a secondary role in these processes. Instead, the discursive reshaping of IFDI was primarily driven by the rise of the narrative of national competitiveness in the early 1990s – a discourse inspired by managerial rather than neoclassical economic theory. Building a framework that prioritizes (multinational) firms over national economies, the rise of this second-generation neoliberal narrative played a critical role in promoting now taken-for-granted imaginaries of the global economy as an economic ”race” between nations-as-platforms-of-production. The findings highlight both the ideational underbelly of the rise of the competition state and how it re-shaped dominant social representations of IFDI.

scholarly journals Economic Perspectives of Trademarks

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
Rishi Ram Chapagai
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Global Marketplace ◽  
Business Context ◽  
Trademark Protection ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
The Impact

Primarily, this paper examines the role of trademark in global economy, as an intellectual property the value of trademark and brand in the global marketplace, and the economic potentiality of trademarks to generate more value and surplus in the economy. This paper also discusses the contribution of the trademarks for creating brand and value of business enterprises. The article is basically conceptual and descriptive in nature. Based on the literature review, the purposes of this paper are; to assess the perceived value of a trademark and brand, to examine the trademark roles for creating brand and value and to understand the impact of trademark on economy.The article deals with trademark and its economic perspectives. This article is valuable to understand the value of trademark in marketplace. The article helps academicians and practitioner to know the concept of trademark as an intellectual property and to understand that it can be used by market economy to generate more income, value, and surplus in the economy. The economic perspective of trademark can be applicable to many segments of Nepalese business context; ranging from manufacturing to service sector and importantly for the entrepreneurship development. Finally, the article is recommending for further empirical research study to examine the impact of trademark protection system for the countries’ economic growth. The Sapta Gandaki JournalVol. IX, 2018 Feb. Page: 73-83

scholarly journals Conceptualising globalisation: fossil energy, global finance and the labour market

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmar Altvater
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
Climate Effect ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Energy Peak ◽  
Considerable Pressure

Modern globalisation can best be described as a process of expansion and acceleration whereby production, labour and the conditions of life in all regions of the world influence each other. These effects result from the massive use of fossil energy. The imminent shortage of fossil energy (‘Peak Oil’) and the disastrous climate effect of the emissions of CO2. are now major sources of public discontent with globalisation. Global finance, however, exerts a considerable pressure on production to increase growth rates and to reduce labour costs. As a result, labour is also subjected to the dynamics of the global economy with consequences for working conditions, wages, job security, skills and benefits. This is one of the reasons why the ‘informal economy’ is growing. An exit exists: from a fossil energy regime to the use of renewable energy and from informal and often precarious forms of labour to solidaristic and cooperative ways to organise production.

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